Events

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

** Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar. ** The

California Penal Code The Penal Code of California forms the basis for the application of most criminal law, criminal procedure, penal institutions, and the execution of sentences, among other things, in the United States, American state of California. It was origin ...

goes into effect. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

–

American Indian Wars The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, was a conflict initially fought by European colonization of the Americas, European colonial empires, the United States, and briefly the Confederate States o ...

Modoc War The Modoc War, or the Modoc Campaign (also known as the Lava Beds War), was an armed conflict between the Native Americans in the United States, Native American Modoc people and the United States Army in northeastern California and southeastern ...

First Battle of the Stronghold The First Battle of the Stronghold (January 17, 1873) was the second battle in the Modoc War of 1872–1873. The battle was fought between the United States Army under Lieutenant Colonel Frank Wheaton and a band of the Native American Modoc t ...

– Modoc Indians defeat the

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the primary Land warfare, land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution.Article II, section 2, clause 1 of th ...

February

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

– The Spanish

Cortes Cortes, Cortés, Cortês, Corts, or Cortès may refer to: People * Cortes (surname), including a list of people with the name ** Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), a Spanish conquistador Places * Cortes, Navarre, a village in the South border of ...

deposes King Amadeus I, and proclaims the

First Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic (), historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic (), was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874. The Republic's founding ensued after the abdication of King ...

. *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

Emilio Castelar Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (7 September 183225 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the First Spanish Republic. Castelar was born in Cádiz. He was an eloquent orator and a writer. Appointed as Head of State in 1873 ...

, the former foreign minister, becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic. ** The

Coinage Act of 1873 The Coinage Act of 1873 or Mint Act of 1873 was a general revision of laws relating to the Mint of the United States. By ending the right of holders of silver bullion to have it coined into standard silver dollars, while allowing holders of g ...

in the United States is signed into law by President

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was the 18th president of the United States, serving from 1869 to 1877. In 1865, as Commanding General of the United States Army, commanding general, Grant led the Uni ...

. Coming into effect on

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. * 1081 – Alexios I Komnenos overthrows the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and, after his tro ...

, it ends

bimetallism Bimetallism, also known as the bimetallic standard, is a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to certain quantities of two metals, typically gold and silver, creating a fixed Exchange rate, rate of ...

in the U.S., and places the country on the

gold standard A gold standard is a backed currency, monetary system in which the standard economics, economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the ...

. *

February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...

** The

University of California The University of California (UC) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university, research university system in the U.S. state of California. Headquartered in Oakland, California, Oakland, the system is co ...

opens its first

medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution, professional school, or forms a part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, ...

San Francisco San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of ...

. ** British naval officer John Moresby discovers the site of

Port Moresby (; Tok Pisin: ''Pot Mosbi''), also referred to as Pom City or simply Moresby, is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea. It is one of the largest cities in the southwestern Pacific (along with Jayapura) outside of Australia and New ...

in Papua New Guinea, and claims the land for Britain.

March

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 ...

–

Censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governmen ...

: The

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...

enacts the

Comstock Law The Comstock Act of 1873 is a series of current provisions in federal law that generally criminalize the involvement of the United States Postal Service, its officers, or a common carrier in conveying obscene matter, crime-inciting matter, or c ...

, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

– The

Phi Sigma Kappa Phi Sigma Kappa (), colloquially known as Phi Sig or PSK, is a men's social and academic Fraternities and sororities, fraternity with approximately 74 List of Phi Sigma Kappa chapters#Chapters, active chapters and provisional chapters in North Am ...

student fraternity is founded at the

Massachusetts Agricultural College The University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst) is a Public university, public land-grant university, land-grant research university in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. It is the Flagship university, flagship campus of the Univer ...

. *

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthel ...

– Emancipation Day for

Puerto Rico ; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Government of Puerto Rico, self-governing Caribbean Geography of Puerto Rico, archipelago and island organized as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated territo ...

: Most slaves are freed. *

March 29 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of Venice. * 1461 – Battle of Towton: Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England, bringing a ...

– The ''

Rio Tinto Company The Rio Tinto Company Limited (RTC) was one of the founding companies of the Rio Tinto Group conglomerate, which was responsible of the Mining, exploitation of the Riotinto-Nerva mining basin in Minas de Riotinto between 1873 and 1954. It was fo ...

'' is formed in Spain, following the

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

purchase of the Rio Tinto Mine from the Spanish government by a British investment group.

April

– The British ocean liner sinks off

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada, located on its east coast. It is one of the three Maritime Canada, Maritime provinces and Population of Canada by province and territory, most populous province in Atlan ...

, killing 547 people. *

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 &nd ...

–

The Kennel Club The Royal Kennel Club (KC) is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world. Its role is to oversee various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also ...

, the world's first kennel club, is founded in the United Kingdom. *

April 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Henry V, King of Germany, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. * 1455 – Thirteen Years' War: ...

– Colfax massacre: More than 60 to 150 black men are murdered in

Colfax, Louisiana Colfax is a town in, and the parish seat of, Grant Parish, Louisiana, United States, founded in 1869. Colfax is part of the Alexandria, Louisiana metropolitan area. The largely African American population of Colfax counted 1,558 at the 2 ...

, while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to KKK or Klan, is an American Protestant-led Christian terrorism, Christian extremist, white supremacist, Right-wing terrorism, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction era, ...

. *

April 15 Events Pre-1600 * 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. * 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guisca ...

– 17 –

: The

Second Battle of the Stronghold The Second Battle of the Stronghold (a.k.a. Lava Beds) was a battle during the Modoc War between a band of the Native Americans in the United States, Native American Modoc people, Modoc tribe and the United States Army, Army of the United States, ...

is fought. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...

– In

Richmond, Rhode Island Richmond is a town in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 8,020 at the 2020 census. It contains the villages of Alton, Arcadia, Barberville, Carolina, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Shannock, Tug Hollow, Usquepaug, Woo ...

, 11 people perish in a train derailment, due to a bridge washout in the village of Richmond Switch (modern-day

Wood River Junction Wood River Junction is a small village in the town of Richmond, Rhode Island, Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It is home to the Chariho school district's main campus and is otherwise largely turf farms, which were potato farm ...

). *

April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. *599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in so ...

–

Third Carlist War The Third Carlist War (), which occurred from 1872 to 1876, was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier Second Carlist War, "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relative ...

EVENTS IN MADRID, SPAIN -- Brigadier General Carmona confronts the insurgents at the Madrid bullring.

May

May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. * 1169 & ...

– The Vienna World's Fair opens in the capital of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

and runs for six months, closing on October 31. *

May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. * 1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. * 1260 – ...

–

in Spain: Battle of Eraul – Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. * 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. * 1386 – England and Portugal formall ...

** ''Der Gründerkrach'': The

Wiener Börse The Wiener Börse AG (also known as the Vienna Stock Exchange) is a stock exchange, bourse situated in Vienna, Austria. The exchange owns and operates the Prague Stock Exchange, and holds stakes in Electricity market, energy exchanges and clear ...

(

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

stock exchange) crash in

ends the ''

Gründerzeit The (; ) was a period of Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present), European economic history in mid- and late-19th century German Empire, Germany and Austria-Hungary between Industrialization in Germany, industrialization and the great P ...

'', and heralds the global

Panic of 1873 The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered an economic depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1877 or 1879 in France and in Britain. In Britain, the Panic started two decades of stagnation known as the "L ...

and

Long Depression The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession, beginning in Panic of 1873, 1873 and running either through March 1879, or 1899, depending on the metrics used. It was most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been e ...

. **

: The Battle of Montejurra is fought at Navarra, Spain. *

May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose h ...

Levi Strauss Levi Strauss ( ; born Löb Strauß, ; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm of Levi Strauss & Co. (Levi's) began in 1853 in San Franci ...

and Jacob Davis receive United States patent#139121, for using

copper Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orang ...

rivets A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the ''tail''. On installation, the deformed end is called the ''sh ...

to strengthen the pockets of

denim Denim is a sturdy cotton warp-faced textile in which the weft passes under two or more Warp (weaving), warp threads. This twill weave produces a diagonal ribbing that distinguishes it from cotton duck. Denim, as it is recognized today, was f ...

work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. begins manufacturing the famous Levi's brand of jeans, using fabric from the

Amoskeag Manufacturing Company The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company was a textile industry, textile manufacturer which founded Manchester, New Hampshire, United States. From modest beginnings it grew throughout the 19th century into the largest cotton textile plant in the world ...

Manchester, New Hampshire Manchester is the List of municipalities in New Hampshire, most populous city in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. Located on the banks of the Merrimack River, it had a population of 115,644 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. Manches ...

. ** In

Chipping Norton Chipping Norton is a market town and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in the Cotswolds in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England, about south-west of Banbury and north-west of Oxford. The United Kingdom Census 2011, 201 ...

, England, rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs –16 women sentenced to imprisonment, for attempting to dissuade

strikebreaker A strikebreaker (sometimes pejoratively called a scab, blackleg, bootlicker, blackguard or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers may be current employees ( union members or not), or new hires to keep the orga ...

s in an agricultural labor dispute. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. * 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. *1533 – The marriage of King Henry ...

** The Canadian Parliament establishes the

North-West Mounted Police The North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was a Canadian paramilitary police force, established in 1873, to maintain order in the new Canadian North-West Territories (NWT) following the 1870 transfer of Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory to ...

(which is renamed the

Royal Canadian Mounted Police The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; , GRC) is the Law enforcement in Canada, national police service of Canada. The RCMP is an agency of the Government of Canada; it also provides police services under contract to 11 Provinces and terri ...

1920 Events January * January 1 ** Polish–Soviet War: The Russian Red Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20. ** Kauniainen in Finland, completely surrounded by the city of Espoo, secedes from Espoo as its ow ...

). ** The

Preakness Stakes The Preakness Stakes is an American thoroughbred horse race held annually on Armed Forces Day, the third Saturday in May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland (except in 2026 when it will move to Laurel Park (race track), Laurel Park dur ...

horse race is run for the first time in

Baltimore Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census and estimated at 568,271 in 2024, it is the 30th-most populous U.S. city. The Baltimore metropolitan area is the 20th-large ...

. *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &nda ...

– Classical archaeologist

Heinrich Schliemann Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann (; 6 January 1822 – 26 December 1890) was a German businessman and an influential amateur archaeologist. He was an advocate of the historicity of places mentioned in the works of Homer and an archaeolo ...

discovers

Priam's Treasure Priam's Treasure is a cache of gold and other artifacts discovered by classical archaeologists Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlık on the northwestern coast of modern Turkey. The majority of the artifacts are currently in the Pushk ...

. *

May 28 Events Pre-1600 * 585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...

** C. Laan brings order to the chaos created by the dockworker riots of

Tripoli, Lebanon Tripoli ( ; , , ; , ; see #Names, below) is the largest and most important city in North Lebanon, northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country. Situated north of the capital Beirut, it is the capital of the North Governorate ...

. ** The city of

Khiva Khiva ( uz-Latn-Cyrl, Xiva, Хива, ; other names) is a district-level city of approximately 93,000 people in Khorazm Region, Uzbekistan. According to archaeological data, the city was established around 2,500 years ago. In 1997, Khiva celebr ...

in Turkestan falls to

Imperial Russia Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor/empress, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * ...

n forces, under the command of General

Konstantin von Kaufman Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann (; 2 March 1818 – 16 May 1882), was a military engineer and the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan. Early life and ancestry Konstantin Petrovich was born as the second eldest of four sons to Lieut ...

. *

May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May in the Southern Hemisphere is the ...

– Henry Rose exhibits

barbed wire Roll of modern agricultural barbed wire Barbed wire, also known as barb wire or bob wire (in the Southern and Southwestern United States), is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the ...

at an

Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash River, Wabash and Ohio River, Ohio rivers to its ...

county fair, which is taken up by

Joseph Glidden Joseph Farwell Glidden (January 18, 1813 – October 9, 1906) was an American businessman and farmer. He was the inventor of the modern barbed wire. In 1898, he donated land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School in DeKalb, Illinois, which ...

and

Jacob Haish Jacob Haish (March 9, 1826 – February 19, 1926) was one of the first inventors of barbed wire. His type of barbed wire was in direct competition with the other barbed wire manufacturers in DeKalb, Illinois. He was a known carpenter and architec ...

, who invent a machine to mass-produce it.

June

June 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1411 – King Charles VI grants a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. *1525 – 1525 Bayham Abbey riot; Villagers from Kent and ...

–

: The

ends with the capture of

Kintpuash Kintpuash (c. 1837 – October 3, 1873), also known as Kientpoos, Keintpoos, or by his English name Captain Jack, was a prominent Modoc leader from present-day northern California and southern Oregon. His name in the Modoc language translates to ...

(''Captain Jack''). *

June 9 Events Pre-1600 * 411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy. * 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia. * 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending the J ...

–

Alexandra Palace Alexandra Palace is an entertainment and sports venue in North London, situated between Wood Green and Muswell Hill in the London Borough of Haringey. A listed building, Grade II listed building, it is built on the site of Tottenham Wood and th ...

entertainment venue in London is destroyed by fire, only a fortnight after its opening.

July

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and ...

–

Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island is an island Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. While it is the smallest province by land area and population, it is the most densely populated. The island has several nicknames: "Garden of the Gulf", ...

joins the

Canadian Confederation Canadian Confederation () was the process by which three British North American provinces—the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—were united into one federation, called the Name of Canada#Adoption of Dominion, Dominion of Ca ...

. *

July 5 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava ( Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. * 1316 – The Burgundian ...

– New Rush in

Griqualand West Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40,000 km2 that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province. It was inhabited by the Griqua people – a semi-nomadic, Afrikaans-speaking nation of mixed-race origin, w ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

, is renamed

Kimberley Kimberly or Kimberley may refer to: Places and historical events Australia Queensland * Kimberley, Queensland, a coastal locality in the Shire of Douglas South Australia * County of Kimberley, a cadastral unit in South Australia Ta ...

.Roberts, Brian. 1976. ''Kimberley, turbulent city''. Cape Town: David Philip, p 115 *

July 9 Events Pre-1600 * 118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodo ...

– **

: Battle of Alpens – Campaigning in Catalonia, a government column under General José Cabrinetty is ambushed at

Alpens Alpens () is a municipality situated in the ''comarca'' of Lluçanès, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Alpens is located 105 km from the city of Barcelona and 13 km from the comarca capital, Prats de Lluçanès. In the ...

, 15 miles east of Berga, by Carlist forces under General Francisco Savalls. After heavy fighting, with Cabrinety killed, virtually the entire column of 800 men is killed or captured. **The government of Otto von Bismarck in a united Germany introduces the

gold mark The German mark ( ; sign: ℳ︁) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the pfennig (₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the gold standar ...

, a unified currency to replace the various legal tender of the nation-states of the German Confederation.. *

July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. * 1048 – Dama ...

– Richard Southey becomes the first Lieutenant-Governor of

.The British Empire: Griqualand West Administrators
(Accessed on 16 April 2017) *

July 21 Events Pre-1600 * 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson. * 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became th ...

– At

Adair, Iowa Adair is a city in Adair County, Iowa, Adair and Guthrie County, Iowa, Guthrie counties of Iowa in the United States. The population was 791 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. History The Rock Island Railroad was built through the ...

Jesse James Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, Bank robbery, bank and Train robbery, train robber, guerrilla and leader of the James–Younger Gang. Raised in the "Little Dixie (Missouri), Little Dixie" area of M ...

and the

James–Younger Gang The James–Younger Gang was a notable 19th-century gang of American outlaws that revolved around Jesse James and his brother Frank James. The gang was based in the state of Missouri, the home of most of the members. Membership fluctuated from ...

pull off the first successful

train robbery Since the invention of locomotives in the early 19th century, trains have often been the target of robbery, in which the goal is to steal money or other valuables. Train robbery was especially common during the 19th century and is commonly asso ...

in the

American Old West The American frontier, also known as the Old West, and popularly known as the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that bega ...

(US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express). *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of ...

– Sir Benjamin Pine becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal. *

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before the ...

– The end of the war between the United Kingdom and

Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...

's King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of

slaves Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...

, leads to the establishment of the Gold Coast Colony.

August

August 4 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Goguryeo–Sui War#Course of the war, Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Emperor Wen of Sui, Wéndi of Sui dynasty, Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assiste ...

–

: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the 7th Cavalry Regiment, Seventh Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux, near the Tongue River (Montana), Tongue River (only 1 man on each side is killed). * August 12 – A peace treaty is signed between

and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate. * August 30 – The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition discovers Franz Josef Land.

September

* September 15 – The International Meteorological Organization (IMO) is established. * September 16 – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War. * September 17 – The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University, opens its doors with 25 students, including 2 women. * September 18 – The New York stock market crashes as the Jay Cooke & Company investment firm declares bankruptcy, triggering the

, part of the

. * September 25 – Classes begin at Drury University in Springfield, Missouri.

October

* October 2 – The British ship SS Ismailia (1870), SS ''Ismailia'', an Anchor Line (steamship company), Anchor Line steamer that departed from New York on September 30 with 52 people disappears while en route to Glasgow. * October 29 – At Dresden, Albert, King of Saxony, Albrecht I becomes new List of rulers of Saxony, King Albrecht I of Kingdom of Saxony, King of Saxony, an independent state within the German Empire, upon the death of his father John, King of Saxony, King Johann, who had ruled since 1854.

November

* November 7 ** Alexander Mackenzie (politician), Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second Prime Minister of Canada. **

: Battle of Montejurra – Determined to recapture the key city of Estella-Lizarra, Estella in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaquín Elío at nearby Montejurra. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws, and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line. * November 17 – Budapest, Hungary's capital, is formed from Pest (city), Pest, Buda and Óbuda. * November 18–November 21, 21 – Irish Home Rule movement: The Home Government Association reconstitutes itself as the Home Rule League. * November 22 – , on passage from New York to France, collides with Scottish 3-masted iron clipper ''Loch Earn'' in mid-Atlantic and sinks in 12 minutes with the loss of 226 lives.

December

* December 15 – Women of Fredonia, New York, march against the retail liquor dealers in town, to inaugurate the Woman's Crusade of 1873–74. * December 16 – The Heineken Brewery is founded in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. * December 19 (December 7 OS) – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's fantasia ''The Tempest (Tchaikovsky), The Tempest'', composed between August and October, is premiered, in Moscow. * December 21 – French official Francis Garnier is attacked outside Hanoi by Black Flag Army, Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the Vietnamese people, Vietnamese. * December 22 –

: Battle of Bocairente – Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General Valeriano Weyler is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General José Santés. Weyler is initially driven back, losing some of his guns, but in a brilliant counter-attack he turns defeat into victory, and Santés is heavily repulsed and forced to withdraw. * December 23 – The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is founded, in Hillsboro, Ohio. * December 27 –

: Siege of Bilbao (until 2 May 1874) – Campaigning in Navarre, Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaquín Elío besiege Bilbao, held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1,200 men. The Carlist force is ten times this number, and includes most of the troops from Navarre, Biscay, Vizcaya and Álava, although a considerable force is left in Guipúzcoa. Despite defeat at nearby Somorrostro, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre, Francisco Serrano, supported by Generals Manuel de la Concha and Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón, Arsenio Martínez-Campos, brilliantly breaks the siege, and Concha then marches on Estella. * December – Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designs and patents a List of sports#Racket sports, racquet sport, which he calls ''sphairistike'' (Ancient Greek, Greek σφάίρίστική, "skill at playing at ball"), soon known simply as ''Stické'' and an ancestor of lawn tennis, for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales.

Date unknown

* The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of

, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements. * Founding in Canada of: ** Toronto Argonauts (Canadian football, football), the oldest professional sports team still playing in North America. ** Royal Montreal Golf Club, Royal Montreal Club in Montreal, the first permanent golf club in North America. * Liebig's Extract of Meat Company begins producing tinned corned beef, sold under the label Fray Bentos, from the town in Uruguay where it is processed. * Coors Brewing Company begins making beer in Golden, Colorado. * Konishiya Rokubei, predecessor of the Konica Minolta worldwide imaging brand, is founded in Tokyo, Japan. * The Sweden, Swedish arms company Aktiebolaget (AB) Bofors-Gullspång, better known as Bofors, is founded. * In Mexico, the Veracruz, Veracruz, Veracruz–Mexico City railroad is completed. * Nine American Pekin duck, Pekin ducks are imported to Long Island (the first in the United States). * The Married Woman's Property Rights Association is founded in Sweden. * Demonstration of an electric tram operated on Miller's line at Sestroretsk near Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire by inventor Fyodor Pirotsky.

Births

January–March

* January 2 – Thérèse of Lisieux, Catholic saint, mystic (d. 1897) * January 4 – Blanche Walsh, American stage, screen actress (d. 1915) * January 7 – Adolph Zukor, Austrian-born film studio pioneer (d. 1976) * January 8 – Iuliu Maniu, Romanian politician (d. 1953) * January 9 ** Thomas Curtis (athlete), Thomas Curtis, American athlete (d. 1944) ** Hayim Nahman Bialik, Israel's national poet (d. 1934) * January 10 – George Orton, Canadian athlete (d. 1958) * January 12 – Spyridon Louis, Greek runner (d. 1940) * January 20 – Johannes V. Jensen, Danish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950) * January 28 – Colette, French writer (d. 1954) * January 29 – Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Italian mountaineer, explorer and admiral (d. 1933) * January 30 – Vassily Balabanov, administrator, Provincial Governor of

(d. 1947) * January 31 – Melitta Bentz, German entrepreneur who invented the coffee filter in 1908 (d. 1950) * February 2 – Maurice Tourneur, French film director (d. 1961) * February 3 ** Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, Hugh Trenchard, British military aviation pioneer (d. 1956) ** Karl Jatho, German aviation pioneer (d. 1933) * February 4 – Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (d. 1905) * February 7 – Thomas Andrews (shipbuilder), Thomas Andrews, Irish shipbuilder (d. 1912) * February 13 ** Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass opera singer (d. 1938) ** Red Wing (actress), Red Wing, Native American silent film actress (d. 1974) * February 15 – Hans von Euler-Chelpin, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964) * February 19 – Louis Feuillade, French film director (d. 1925) * February 25 – Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor (d. 1921) * February 28 – William McMaster Murdoch, Officer of Titanic (d. 1912) *

– William Green (labor leader), William Green, American labor leader (d. 1952) * March 11 – David Horsley, English-born film executive (d. 1933) * March 19 – Max Reger, German composer (d. 1916) *

– Billy Quirk, American actor (d. 1926)

April–June

(Gregorian calendar, N.S.)/March 20 (Julian calendar, O.S.) – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1943) *

– Gyula Peidl, 23rd prime minister of Hungary (d. 1943) * April 7 – John McGraw, American baseball player, manager (d. 1934) * April 10 – Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1940) *

– John W. Davis, American politician, diplomat, and lawyer (d. 1955) *

– Sydney Barnes, English cricketer (d. 1967) * April 20 – Gombojab Tsybikov, Russian explorer (d. 1930) * April 22 – Ellen Glasgow, American writer (d. 1945) *

– Theodor Körner (Austrian president), Theodor Körner, President of Austria (d. 1957) * April 25 ** Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer and novelist (d. 1956) ** Félix d'Herelle, French-Canadian microbiologist (d. 1949) * May 4 – Joe De Grasse, Canadian film director (d. 1940) *

– Leon Czolgosz, assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (d. 1901) *

– Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1933) * May 10 – Cary D. Landis, American attorney and politician (d. 1938) * May 15 – Oskari Tokoi, Finnish socialist and the Chairman of the Senate of Finland (d. 1963) * May 17 ** Henri Barbusse, French novelist, journalist (d. 1935) ** Dorothy Richardson, English feminist writer (d. 1957) * May 21 – Hans Berger, German neurologist (d. 1941) *

– D. D. Sheehan, Irish politician (d. 1948) * June 2 – Anna Eliza Williams, British supercentenarian and oldest person in the world (d. 1987) * June 3 – Otto Loewi, German-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1961) * June 15 – Leonora Cohen, British suffragette and trade unionist (d. 1978) * June 28 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1944) * June 29 – Monroe Dunaway Anderson, Founder of Anderson, Clayton and Company; "Father of Texas Medical Center" (d. 1939)

July–September

** Alice Guy-Blaché, French-American filmmaker (d. 1968) ** Andrass Samuelsen, 1st prime minister of Faroe Islands (d. 1954) * July 3 – Prince Yamashina Kikumaro, Japanese prince (d. 1908) * July 6 – Dimitrios Maximos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955) * July 8 – Carl Vaugoin, 7th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1949) * July 12 – Oscar von Sydow, 18th prime minister of Sweden (d. 1936) *

– Many Benner, French painter (d. 1965) * July 20 – Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian aviation pioneer (d. 1932) *

– Dámaso Berenguer, Spanish general and politician (d. 1953) * August 5 – Joseph Russell Knowland, American politician, newspaperman (d. 1966) * August 10 – William Ernest Hocking, American philosopher (d. 1966) * August 13 – Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, South African author (d. 1932) * August 17 – John A. Sampson, American gynecologist (d. 1946) * August 18 – Otto Harbach, American lyricist (d. 1963) * August 20 – William Henry Bell, 1st director of the South African College of Music (d. 1946) * August 21 – Harry T. Morey, American actor (d. 1936) * August 26 – Lee de Forest, American inventor (d. 1961) * September 1 **Sir Guy Standing (actor), Guy Standing, British actor (d. 1937) ** João Ferreira Sardo, Portuguese presbyter and founder of Gafanha da Nazaré (d. 1925) ** Felicija Bortkevičienė, Lithuanian politician and publisher (d. 1945) * September 5 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American military officer, inventor, engineer (d. 1942) * September 8 **Alfred Jarry, French author and playwright (d. 1907) **David O. McKay, 9th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1970) * September 17 – Ibrahim of Johor, Malaysian sultan (d. 1959) * September 20 ** Sidney Olcott, Canadian-born pioneer film director (d. 1949) ** Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born racing driver (d. 1944) * September 21 – Papa Jack Laine, American jazz musician (d. 1966)

October–December

* October 8 – Ma Barker, American criminal (d. 1935) * October 9 – Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist, astronomer (d. 1916) * October 13 – Georgios Kafantaris, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1946) * October 14 – Ray Ewry, American athlete (d. 1937) * October 18 – Ivanoe Bonomi, 2-time prime minister of Italy (d. 1951) * October 19 ** Jaap Eden, Dutch skater, cyclist (d. 1925) ** Bart King, American cricketer (d. 1965) * October 20 – Jussi Merinen, Finnish politician (d. 1918) * October 26 ** Thorvald Stauning, 9th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1942) ** A. K. Fazlul Huq, Bengali statesman (d. 1962) * October 30 **Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (d. 1917) **Francisco I. Madero, 33rd president of Mexico (d. 1913) * November 9 – Fritz Thyssen, German industrialist (d. 1951) * November 16 – W. C. Handy, American blues composer (d. 1958) * November 20 – Ramón Castillo, Argentinian politician, 25th President of Argentina (d. 1944) * November 22 – Johnny Tyldesley, English cricketer (d. 1930) * November 28 – Frank Phillips (oil industrialist), Frank Phillips, American oil executive (d. 1950) * December 7 – Willa Cather, American novelist (d. 1947) * December 11 – Josip Plemelj, Slovenian mathematician (d. 1967) * December 17 – Ford Madox Ford, English writer (d. 1939) * December 20 – Kan'ichi Asakawa, Japanese historian (d. 1948) * December 26 – Thomas Wass, Nottinghamshire cricketer (d. 1953) * December 30 – Al Smith, American politician, Democratic presidential candidate (d. 1944)

Date unknown

* Nesaruddin Ahmad, Bengali Islamic scholar (d. 1952) * Filip Mișea, Aromanian activist, physician and politician (d. 1944)

Deaths

January–June

* January 9 – Napoleon III, last List of French monarchs, Emperor of the French (b. 1808) * January 18 – Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, English novelist (b. 1803) * January 20 – Basil Moreau, French founder of the Congregation of Holy Cross (b. 1799) * January 23 – Ramalinga Swamigal, Hindu religious leader (b. 1823) * January 26 – Amélie of Leuchtenberg, Empress Amélie, consort of Pedro I of Brazil (b. 1812) * February 3 – Isaac Baker Brown, English gynaecologist, surgeon (b. 1811) * February 7 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish writer (b. 1814) * February 18 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarian revolutionary (executed) (b. 1837) * February 23 – Jakob von Hartmann, Bavarian general (b. 1795) * March 10 – John Torrey, American botanist (b. 1796) * March 24 – Mary Ann Cotton, English serial killer (executed) (b. 1832) * March 25 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (b. 1810) *

– Prince Unakan Ananta Norajaya Prince of Siam (b. 1856) * March 31 ** Maria Magdalena Mathsdotter, Swedish Sámi people, Sámi educator (b. 1835) ** Hugh Maxwell, American lawyer, politician (b. 1787) * April 11 ** Edward Canby, American general (b. 1817) ** Christopher Hansteen, Norwegian geophysicist (b. 1784) * April 18 – Justus von Liebig, German chemist (b. 1803) * April 27 – William Charles Macready, English actor (b. 1793) * April 29 – Hortense Globensky-Prévost, Canadian heroine (b. 1804) *

– David Livingstone, Scottish explorer of Africa (b. 1813) *

– Jerónimo Carrión, 8th president of Ecuador (b. 1804) * May 6 – José Antonio Páez, first president of Venezuela (b. 1790) * May 7 ** Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1808) ** John Stuart Mill, British philosopher (b. 1806) *May 13 – Charles Lucy, English painter (b. 1814) * May 15 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza, first ruler of Romania (b. 1820) *

– George-Étienne Cartier, Canadian statesman (b. 1814) * May 22 – Alessandro Manzoni, Italian poet and novelist (b. 1785) * May 29 – Édouard de Verneuil, French palaeontologist (b. 1805) * May 30 – Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, Indian Muslim scholar (b. 1800) * June 1 – Joseph Howe, Canadian politician (b. 1804)

July–December

* August 18 – Charles II, Duke of Brunswick (b. 1804) * September 8 – Johan Gabriel Ståhlberg, Finnish priest and father of Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, K. J. Ståhlberg, the first President of Finland (b. 1832) * September 11 – Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares, morganatic husband of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (b. 1808) * September 17 – Alexander Berry, Scottish adventurer, Australian pioneer (b. 1781) * September 22 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1801) * September 23 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (b. 1823) * September 28 – Émile Gaboriau, French writer (b. 1833) * October 5 – William Todd (1803–1873), William Todd, American businessman, Canadian Senate nominee (b. 1803) * October 9 – George Ormerod, English historian, antiquarian (b. 1785) * October 17 – Sir Robert McClure, British Arctic explorer (b. 1807) * December 14 ** Louis Agassiz, Swiss-born geologist, naturalist (b. 1807) ** Alexander Keith (Canadian politician), Alexander Keith, Scottish-born brewer, mayor of Halifax, Nova Scotia (b. 1795)

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Births

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–June

July–December

References

Further reading