Philippoteaux Felix - Bonaparte a la bataille de Rivoli

Events

January–March

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

– The

Treaty of Tripoli The Treaty of Tripoli (''Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary'') was signed in 1796. It was the first treaty between the United States and Tripoli (now Libya) to secur ...

, a peace treaty between the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

and

Ottoman Tripolitania Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912. It corresponded roughly to the northern parts of modern-day Libya in historic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. It was initially ...

, is signed at

Algiers Algiers is the capital city of Algeria as well as the capital of the Algiers Province; it extends over many Communes of Algeria, communes without having its own separate governing body. With 2,988,145 residents in 2008Census 14 April 2008: Offi ...

(''see also''

1796 Events January–March * January 16 – The first Dutch (and general) elections are held for the National Assembly of the Batavian Republic. (The next Dutch general elections are held in 1888.) * February 1 – The capital of Upper Can ...

). *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...

– The parliament of the

Cisalpine Republic The Cisalpine Republic (; ) was a sister republic or a client state of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802. Creation After the Battle of Lodi in May 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte organized two ...

adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as their official flag (this is considered the birth of the

flag of Italy The flag of Italy (, ), often referred to as The Tricolour (, ), is a flag featuring three equally sized vertical Pale (heraldry), pales of green, white and red, with the green at the hoist side, as defined by Article 12 of the Constitution of t ...

). *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the ra ...

–

Action of 13 January 1797 The action of 13 January 1797 (known by the French as the Naufrage du ''Droits de l'Homme''; "shipwreck r sinkingof the ''Droits de l'Homme''") was a minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the c ...

, part of the

War of the First Coalition The War of the First Coalition () was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797, initially against the Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI, constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French First Republic, Frenc ...

: Two British

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

frigate A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied. The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and maneuvera ...

s, HMS ''Indefatigable'' and HMS ''Amazon'', drive the French

74-gun The "seventy-four" was a type of two- decked sailing ship of the line, which nominally carried 74 guns. It was developed by the French navy in the 1740s, replacing earlier classes of 60- and 62-gun ships, as a larger complement to the recently de ...

ship of the line A ship of the line was a type of naval warship constructed during the Age of Sail from the 17th century to the mid-19th century. The ship of the line was designed for the naval tactics in the Age of Sail, naval tactic known as the line of battl ...

'' Droits de l'Homme'' aground on the coast of

Brittany Brittany ( ) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica in Roman Gaul. It became an Kingdom of Brittany, independent kingdom and then a Duch ...

, resulting in over 900 deaths. *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. * 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 * 1761 – The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in I ...

–

Battle of Rivoli The Battle of Rivoli (14 January 1797) was a key military engagement during the War of the First Coalition near the village of Rivoli Veronese, Rivoli, then part of the Republic of Venice. In the climax of the Italian Campaign of 1796-1797, It ...

: French forces under General

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under ''

Feldzeugmeister General of the Artillery () was a historical military rank in some German and Austro-Hungarian armies, specifically in artillery. It was commonly used in the 16th and 17th centuries, and survived until the beginning of the 20th century in some Euro ...

József Alvinczi Freiherr Joseph Alvinczi von Borberek a.k.a. Baron József Alvinczi de Borberek (; 1 February 1735 – 25 September 1810) was a soldier in the Habsburg monarchy, Habsburg Army and a field marshal of the Austrian Empire. He is remembered for han ...

, near Rivoli (modern-day

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

), ending

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

's fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of

Mantua Mantua ( ; ; Lombard language, Lombard and ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Italian region of Lombardy, and capital of the Province of Mantua, eponymous province. In 2016, Mantua was designated as the "Italian Capital of Culture". In 2 ...

. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. * 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of T ...

– The Treaty of the

Third Partition of Poland The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polis ...

is signed in St. Petersburg by the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

and the

Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (, ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946. It played a signif ...

. *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...

– Siege of Mantua: Field marshal Dagobert von Wurmser surrenders the fortress city to the French; only 16,000 men of the

garrison A garrison is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a military base or fortified military headquarters. A garrison is usually in a city ...

are capable of marching out as prisoners of war. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1047 – Drogo of Hauteville is elected as count of the Apulian Normans during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, u ...

– Battle of Faenza: A French corps (9,000 men) under General Claude Victor-Perrin defeats the forces from the

Papal States The Papal States ( ; ; ), officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th c ...

, at

Castel Bolognese Castel Bolognese () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Ravenna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna and about southwest of Ravenna. As of 2006, it has a population of about 9,000 inhabitants. Ca ...

near

Faenza Faenza (, ; ; or ; ) is an Italian city and comune of 59,063 inhabitants in the province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated southeast of Bologna. Faenza is home to a historical manufacture of majolica-ware glazed earthenware pottery, known ...

. *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

– The Riobamba earthquake in Ecuador, estimated magnitude 8.3, causes up to 40,000 casualties. *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

– "

Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser "" (; ), also called the "Kaiserhymne" (; ), is an anthem composed in 1797 by Joseph Haydn. In its original version it was paired with lyrics by Lorenz Leopold Haschka and served as a patriotic song, expressing devotion to Francis II, Emperor ...

" is first performed, with the music composed in January by

Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn ( ; ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions ...

, which also becomes the tune to the

Deutschlandlied The "", officially titled "", is a German poem written by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben . A popular song which was made for the cause of creating a unified German state, it was adopted in its entirety in 1922 by the Weimar Repub ...

, the German national anthem (''Deutschland, Deutschland über alles'', later ''Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit''). *

February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...

–

French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars () were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802. They pitted French First Republic, France against Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain, Habsb ...

– Battle of Cape St. Vincent: The British

under Admiral Sir John Jervis defeats a larger Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 3102 BC – Kali Yuga, the fourth and final yuga of Hinduism, starts with the death of Krishna. * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining J ...

– Invasion of Trinidad: Spanish Governor

José María Chacón Don José María Chacón (1 January 1749 – 1 January 1833) was the last Spanish Governor of Trinidad, serving from 1783 to 1797. He was responsible for signing the Cedula of Population in 1783, leading to extensive French immigration to Trin ...

peacefully surrenders the colony of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger, more populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the country. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in ...

to a British naval force, commanded by Sir

Ralph Abercromby Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom), Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, (7 October 173428 March 1801) was a British Army officer, politician and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Trinidad in 1797. Rising to the rank ...

. *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats Roman usurper, usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the w ...

–

Treaty of Tolentino The Treaty of Tolentino was a peace treaty between Revolutionary France and the Papal States, signed on 19 February 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side. The signatories for France were the French Directory's Ambassador to the H ...

Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI (; born Count Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio called Giovanni Angelo or Giannangelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to hi ...

signs a peace treaty with Revolutionary France. He is forced to deliver works of art, treasures, territory, the

Comtat Venaissin The (; ; 'County of Venaissin'), often called the for short, was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791, in what is now the region of Southern France. The region was an enclave within the Kingdom of France, comprising the area aroun ...

and 30 million francs. *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Fer ...

– The

last invasion of Britain The Battle of Fishguard was a military invasion of Great Britain by Revolutionary France during the War of the First Coalition. The brief campaign, on 22–24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign forc ...

begins: French forces, under the command of American Colonel William Tate, land near

Fishguard Fishguard (, meaning "Mouth of the River Gwaun") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 3,400 (rounded to the nearest 100) as of the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census. Modern Fishguard consists of two parts, Lowe ...

, Wales. *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. * ...

– William Tate surrenders to the British at Fishguard. *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...

– Bank Restriction Act removes the requirement for the

Bank of England The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the Kingdom of England, English Government's banker and debt manager, and still one ...

(the national bank of Great Britain) to convert banknotes into gold - Restriction period lasts until 1821. The Bank of England issues the first one-pound and two-pound notes (pound notes discontinued

March 11 Events Pre-1600 * 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire. * 1343 – Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last Bishop of Prague (3 March 13 ...

1988 1988 was a crucial year in the early history of the Internet—it was the year of the first well-known computer virus, the Morris worm, 1988 Internet worm. The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United State ...

). *

March 5 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. * 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Easte ...

– Protestant missionaries from the

London Missionary Society The London Missionary Society was an interdenominational evangelical missionary society formed in England in 1795 at the instigation of Welsh Congregationalist minister Edward Williams. It was largely Reformed tradition, Reformed in outlook, with ...

land in

Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian language, Tahitian , ; ) is the largest island of the Windward Islands (Society Islands), Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France. It is located in the central part of t ...

, from the '' Duff'' (celebrated as Missionary Day in

French Polynesia French Polynesia ( ; ; ) is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole #Governance, overseas country. It comprises 121 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over more than in the Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean. The t ...

). *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...

– ''

Médée ''Médée'' is a dramatic tragedy in five acts written in alexandrine verse by Pierre Corneille Pierre Corneille (; ; 6 June 1606 – 1 October 1684) was a French tragedian. He is generally considered one of the three great 17th-century Fr ...

'', an opera by

Luigi Cherubini Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini ( ; ; 8 or 14 SeptemberWillis, in Sadie (Ed.), p. 833 1760 – 15 March 1842) was an Italian Classical and Romantic composer. His most significant compositions are operas and sacred music. Beethov ...

, is premiered in Paris. *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur. * 1355 – Amidst the Red Turban Rebellions, Han Lin'er, ...

– Battle of Valvasone: The Austrian army, led by Archduke Charles, fights a

rearguard A rearguard or rear security is a part of a military force that protects it from attack from the rear, either during an advance or Withdrawal (military), withdrawal. The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines, such as Line of c ...

action at the crossing of the

Tagliamento The Tagliamento (; ; ) is a braided river in north-east Italy, flowing from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea at a point between Trieste and Venice. The Tagliamento river is considered as the last morphologically intact river in the Alps. (I ...

River, but is defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at Valvasone. *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the '' Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas ...

–

Battle of Parramatta The Battle of Parramatta was a battle of the Australian Frontier Wars which occurred at Parramatta in March 1797. In the conflict, Aboriginal resistance leader Pemulwuy led a group of Bidjigal warriors, estimated to be up to 100, against armed ...

: Resistance leader

Pemulwuy Pemulwuy ( /pɛməlwɔɪ/ ''PEM-əl-woy''; 1750 – 2 June 1802) was a Bidjigal warrior of the Dharug, an Aboriginal Australian people from New South Wales. One of the most famous Aboriginal resistance fighters in the colonial era, he is n ...

led a group of aboriginal warriors, estimated to be at least 100, in an attack on a government farm at

Toongabbie Toongabbie is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. One of the oldest suburbs in Sydney, Toongabbie is located approximately 30 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is part of the Greater Western ...

Sydney Sydney is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales and the List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Syd ...

, Australia.

April–June

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido – the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Roman emperor Otho commits suicide. * ...

– The

Spithead and Nore mutinies The Spithead and Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the Royal Navy in 1797. They were the first in an increasing series of outbreaks of maritime radicalism in the Atlantic World. Despite their temporal proximity, the mutinies ...

break out in the British Royal Navy. *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. * 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of H ...

** Battle of San Juan: Sir

unsuccessfully invades

San Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan ( , ; Spanish for "Saint John the Baptist, John") is the capital city and most populous Municipalities of Puerto Rico, municipality in the Commonwealth (U.S. insular area), Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the ...

in what will be one of the largest British attacks on Spanish territories in the western hemisphere, and one of the worst defeats of the British Royal Navy for years to come. ** Veronese Easter: Citizens of

Verona Verona ( ; ; or ) is a city on the Adige, River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 255,131 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region, and is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and in Northeast Italy, nor ...

, Italy, began an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces. *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara ...

– Armistice of Leoben: On behalf of the

French Republic France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

, a delegation under Napoleon Bonaparte signs a

peace treaty A peace treaty is an treaty, agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually country, countries or governments, which formally ends a declaration of war, state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice, which is an ag ...

with the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...

Leoben Leoben () is a Styrian city in central Austria, located on the Mur River, Mur river. With a population in 2023 of about 25,140 it is a local industrial centre and hosts the University of Leoben, which specialises in mining. The Peace of Leoben, ...

. *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...

– The first ship of the

United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...

, the frigate USS ''United States'', is commissioned. *

May 12 Events Pre-1600 * 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism. * 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the ...

–

: Napoleon Bonaparte conquers

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

, ending the city and

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 ...

's 1,100 years of independence. The last

doge of Venice The Doge of Venice ( ) – in Italian, was the doge or highest role of authority within the Republic of Venice (697–1797). The word derives from the Latin , meaning 'leader', and Venetian Italian dialect for 'duke', highest official of the ...

Ludovico Manin Lodovico Giovanni Manin (; ; 14 May 1725 – 24 October 1802) was a Venetian politician, patrician, and the 120th and last Doge of Venice. He governed the Venetian Republic from 9 March 1789 until its fall in 1797, when he was forced to ...

, steps down. The

Venetian Ghetto The Venetian Ghetto was the area of Venice in which Jews were forced to live by the government of the Venetian Republic. The English word ''ghetto'' is derived from the Jewish ghetto in Venice. The Venetian Ghetto was instituted on 29 March 1516 ...

is thrown open. *

May 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within . * 1381 – ...

– English abolitionist

William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. A native of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, he began his political career in 1780 ...

marries Barbara Ann Spooner about six weeks after their first meeting. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 *1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha, Kerbogha of Mosul at the Battle of Antioch (1098), battle of Antioch. *1360 – Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada, Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid dynasty, Nas ...

– French troops disembark in

Corfu Corfu ( , ) or Kerkyra (, ) is a Greece, Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands; including its Greek islands, small satellite islands, it forms the margin of Greece's northwestern frontier. The island is part of the Corfu (regio ...

, beginning the First period of French rule in the Ionian Islands. *

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of Wei. * 1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1170 – A major earthquake hits Syria, badly damagi ...

– Napoleon Bonaparte decrees the birth of the

; he appoints ministers and establishes the first constitution.

July–September

July 9 Events Pre-1600 * 118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodo ...

– U.S. Senator

William Blount William Blount ( ; April 6, 1749March 21, 1800) was an American politician, landowner and Founding Father who was one of the signers of the Constitution of the United States. He was a member of the North Carolina delegation at the Constitution ...

becomes the first federal legislator to be expelled from office, as his fellow Senators vote 25 to 1 to block him from his seat during an investigation against him on charges of criminal conspiracy. *

July 13 Events Pre-1600 *1174 – William the Lion, William I of Scotland, a key Rebellion, rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England. *1249 – Coronation of Alexander III of Scotland, Ale ...

– Gual and España conspiracy against Spanish rule in

Colonial Venezuela Spanish expeditions led by Christopher Columbus, Columbus and Alonso de Ojeda reached the coast of present-day Venezuela in 1498 and 1499. The first colony, colonial exploitation was of the pearl oysters of the "Pearl Islands". Spain established ...

is exposed. *

July 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. * 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade. * 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of S ...

–

Horatio Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte ( – 21 October 1805) was a Royal Navy officer whose leadership, grasp of strategy and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories during the French ...

is wounded at the Battle of Santa Cruz, losing an arm. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...

– Massacre of Tranent: British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the

militia A militia ( ) is a military or paramilitary force that comprises civilian members, as opposed to a professional standing army of regular, full-time military personnel. Militias may be raised in times of need to support regular troops or se ...

Tranent Tranent is a town in East Lothian (formerly Haddingtonshire), in the south-east of Scotland. Tranent lies 6 miles from the boundary of Edinburgh, and 9.1 miles from the city centre. It lies south of the A1 road (Great Britain), A1 road that r ...

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

, killing 11 and injuring 8. *

September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus Fall of the Western Roman Empire, ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, Posthumous name, posthumously known as ...

– The

Coup of 18 Fructidor The Coup of 18 Fructidor, Year V (4 September 1797 in the French Republican Calendar), was a seizure of power in France by members of the French Directory, Directory, then forming the government of the First French Republic, with support from th ...

is carried out in

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

as three of the five members of The Directory, France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the

Council of Five Hundred The Council of Five Hundred () was the lower house of the legislature of the French First Republic under the Constitution of the Year III. It operated from 31 October 1795 to 9 November 1799 during the French Directory, Directory () period of t ...

, the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections. *

September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. * 1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava *1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Hen ...

– France's new government decrees that citizens who left the country without authorization are subject to the death penalty if they return. *

September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture thei ...

– Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret, French finance minister, repudiates two thirds of France's debt.

October–December

October 11 Events Pre-1600 *1138 – A massive earthquake strikes Aleppo; it is one of the most destructive earthquakes ever. * 1142 – A peace treaty ends the Jin–Song wars. *1311 – The peerage and clergy restrict the authority of En ...

–

Battle of Camperdown The Battle of Camperdown (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Zeeslag bij Kamperduin'') was fought on 11 October 1797 between the Royal Navy's Commander-in-Chief, North Sea, North Sea Fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan, Adam Duncan and a ...

: the British Royal Navy defeats the fleet of the

Batavian Republic The Batavian Republic (; ) was the Succession of states, successor state to the Dutch Republic, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 after the Batavian Revolution and ended on 5 June 1806, with the acce ...

off the coast of

Holland Holland is a geographical regionG. Geerts & H. Heestermans, 1981, ''Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal. Deel I'', Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht, p 1105 and former provinces of the Netherlands, province on the western coast of the Netherland ...

. *

October 17 Events Pre-1600 * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty of China. * 1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London. * 1346 – The English capture King D ...

– The

Treaty of Campo Formio The Treaty of Campo Formio (today Campoformido) was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl as representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarchy, respectively. The trea ...

ends the

. *

October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek phil ...

– The

XYZ Affair The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the History of the United States (1789–1849), United States and French First Republic, Republican ...

inflames tensions between France and the United States when American negotiators

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (February 25, 1746 – August 16, 1825) was an American statesman, military officer and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as List of ambassadors of the United States to France, United S ...

John Marshall John Marshall (September 24, 1755July 6, 1835) was an American statesman, jurist, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the fourth chief justice of the United States from 1801 until his death in 1835. He remai ...

, and

Elbridge Gerry Elbridge Gerry ( ; July 17, 1744 – November 23, 1814) was an American Founding Father, merchant, politician, and diplomat who served as the fifth vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death i ...

meet with French government representatives

Jean-Conrad Hottinguer Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer (15 February 1764, Zurich – 12 September 1841, Castle Piple, Boissy-Saint-Léger) was a Switzerland, Swiss-born French banker who later became a Baron#France, Baron of the French Empire. Biography Career In 1784, ...

, Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval and are told that a treaty between France and the U.S. will require payment of a bribe to France's Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand and a large loan of American cash to France. Pinckney tells people later that his response was "No, no, not a sixpence!"; Hottinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval are referred to, respectively, as "X", "Y" and "Z" in U.S. government reports on the failed negotiations. *

October 21 Events Pre-1600 *1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade at the Battle of Civetot. * 1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toul ...

– In

Boston Harbor Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, located adjacent to Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a major shipping facility in the Northeastern United States. History 17th century Since its dis ...

, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate is launched to fight

Barbary pirates The Barbary corsairs, Barbary pirates, Ottoman corsairs, or naval mujahideen (in Muslim sources) were mainly Muslim corsairs and privateers who operated from the largely independent Barbary states. This area was known in Europe as the Barba ...

off the coast of

Tripoli Tripoli or Tripolis (from , meaning "three cities") may refer to: Places Greece *Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in the Pelasgiotis district, Thessaly, near Larissa ...

; the ship will remain in commission in the 21st century. *

October 22 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council. * 794 – Japanese Emperor Kanmu relocates his empire's capital to H ...

–

André-Jacques Garnerin André-Jacques Garnerin (31 January 1769 – 18 August 1823) was a French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute. He was appointed Official Aeronaut of France. Biography André-Jacques Garnerin was born in Paris. During the fir ...

makes the first parachute descent, at Parc Monceau, Paris; he uses a silk parachute to descend approximately from a hot air balloon. *

November November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus . November retained its name (from the Latin ''novem'' meaning " ...

–

1797 Rugby School rebellion The 1797 Rugby School Rebellion was a mutiny of the boys at Rugby School after the headmaster, Dr Henry Ingles, demanded that boys from the fifth and sixth forms should pay for the repair of a local tradesman's windows after they had been smashe ...

: The students at

Rugby School Rugby School is a Public school (United Kingdom), private boarding school for pupils aged 13–18, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire in England. Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independ ...

in England rebel against the headmaster, Henry Ingles, after he decrees that the damage to a tradesman's windows should be paid for by the students. *

November 16 Events Pre-1600 * 951 – Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom. *1272 – W ...

** The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as Fredrick William III. ** (or November 23?) – British

is wrecked on the approaches to

Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax is the capital and most populous municipality of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the most populous municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of 2024, it is estimated that the population of the H ...

; of the 240 on board, all but 12 are lost.

Undated

* The secret

Lautaro Lodge The Lautaro Lodge () was a revolutionary secret lodge active in Latin American politics in the 19th century. It was initially known as the Lodge of Rational Knights (). Its initial purposes were to apply the goals of the Spanish Enlightenment, ...

as the ''Logia de los Caballeros Racionales'' ("Lodge of Rational Knights") is founded, perhaps in

Cádiz Cádiz ( , , ) is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz in the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia. It is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula off the Atlantic Ocean separated fr ...

; membership will include many leaders of the

Spanish American wars of independence The Spanish American wars of independence () took place across the Spanish Empire during the early 19th century. The struggles in both hemispheres began shortly after the outbreak of the Peninsular War, forming part of the broader context of the ...

such as

Francisco de Miranda Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (28 March 1750 – 14 July 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda (), was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary who fought in the American Revolutionary War, the French R ...

Bernardo O'Higgins Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (; 20 August 1778 – 24 October 1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He was a wealthy landowner of Basque people, Basque-Spanish people, Spani ...

and

José de San Martín José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (; 25 February 177817 August 1850), nicknamed "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru", was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's succe ...

. * Shinyukan Cram School (進修館) founded by Masataka Okudaira (奥平昌孝) in Nakatsu,

Buzen Province was a Provinces of Japan, province of Japan in the area of northeastern Kyūshū, corresponding to part of southeastern Fukuoka Prefecture and northwestern Ōita Prefecture. Buzen bordered on Bungo Province, Bungo to the south, and Chikuzen Pro ...

(now

Oita Prefecture Oita often refers to: * Ōita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan *Ōita (city), the capital of the prefecture Oita or Ōita may also refer to: Places * Ōita District, Ōita, a former district in Ōita Prefecture, Japan *Ōita Stadium, a multi-use stadi ...

Kyushu Island is the third-largest island of Japan's four main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands (i.e. excluding Okinawa and the other Ryukyu (''Nansei'') Islands). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional ...

, as predecessor of Keio-Gijyuku University in Japan. *

Joseph-Louis Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangiadifferential calculus In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus—the study of the area beneath a curve. ...

, entitled ''Théorie des fonctions analytiques''.

Births

January–March

Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder 1875

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

** Christopher Jacob Boström, Swedish philosopher (d.

1866 Events January * January 1 ** Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ** The last issue of the abolitionist magazine '' The Liberator'' is published. * January 6 – Ottoman troops clash ...

) **

Utagawa Kuniyoshi Utagawa Kuniyoshi (, ; 1 January 1798 – 14 April 1861) was one of the last great masters of the Japanese ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al'' (2005). "Kuniyoshi" in He was a member of the Utaga ...

, Japanese woodblock printer (''ukiyo-e'') (d.

1861 This year saw significant progress in the Unification of Italy, the outbreak of the American Civil War, and the emancipation reform abolishing serfdom in the Russian Empire. Events January * January 1 ** Benito Juárez captures Mexico Ci ...

) *

–

Frederick William Hope Frederick William Hope (3 January 1797 – 15 April 1862) was an English clergyman, naturalist, collector, and entomologist, who founded a professorship at the University of Oxford to which he gave his entire collections of insects in 1849 (now ...

, English entomologist at the University of Oxford (d.

1862 Events January * January 1 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos Island, in modern-day Nigeria. * January 6 – Second French intervention in Mexico, French intervention in Mexico: Second French Empire, French, Spanish and British ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...

–

Wilhelm Beer Wilhelm Wolff Beer (4 January 1797 – 27 March 1850) was a banker and astronomer from Berlin, Prussia, and the brother of Giacomo Meyerbeer. Astronomy Beer's fame derives from his hobby, astronomy. He built a private observatory with a ...

, German banker, astronomer (d.

1850 Events January–March * January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the United States Congress. * January 31 – The University of Rochester is founded in Rochester, New York. * January – Sacramento, Ca ...

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French ...

– Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein, Prussian general (d.

1885 Events January * January 3– 4 – Sino-French War – Battle of Núi Bop: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam. * January 17 – Mahdist ...

) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...

–

Edward Turner Bennett Edward Turner Bennett (6 January 1797 – 21 August 1836) was an English zoologist and writer. He was the elder brother of the botanist John Joseph Bennett.

, English zoologist and writer (d.

1836 Events January–March * January 1 — Hill Street Academy is named Colombo Academy and acquired by the Government, establishing the first public school in Sri Lanka. * January 1 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand ...

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– Edmund Murray Dodd, Canadian lawyer (d.

1876 Events January * January 1 ** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin. ** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol. *January 27 – The Northampton Bank robbery occurs in Massachusetts. February * Febr ...

) *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

–

Annette von Droste-Hülshoff Baroness Anna Elisabeth Franziska Adolphine Wilhelmine Louise Maria von Droste zu Hülshoff, known as Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (; 10 January 179724 May 1848), was a 19th-century German Biedermeier poet, novelist, and composer of Classical ...

, German writer (d.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: Muhammad and his ...

Carl Rottmann Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann (11 January 1797, in Handschuhsheim (today a part of Heidelberg) – 7 July 1850, in Munich) was a German landscape painter and the most famous member of the Rottmann family of painters. Rottmann belonged to the circ ...

, German landscape painter, the most famous member of the Rottmann family of painters (d.

) **

Connop Thirlwall Connop Thirlwall (11 January 1797 – 27 July 1875) was an English bishop (in Wales) and historian. Early life Thirlwall was born at Stepney, London, to Thomas and Susannah Thirlwall. His father was an Anglican priest who claimed descent from ...

, English bishop (in Wales), historian (d.

1875 Events January * January 1 – The Midland Railway of England abolishes the Second Class passenger category, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of the year (Third C ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crow ...

** Gideon Brecher, Austrian physician, writer (d.

1873 Events January * January 1 ** Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar. ** The California Penal Code goes into effect. * January 17 – American Indian Wars: Modoc War: First Battle of the Stronghold – Modoc Indians defeat the Unit ...

) *

– George Agar-Ellis, 1st Baron Dover, British peer and man of letters (d.

1833 Events January–March * January 3 – The United Kingdom reasserts British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. * February 6 (January 25 on the Greek calendar) – Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria arr ...

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Roman emperor, Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. *1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to set ...

–

Vincenz Kollar Vincenz Kollar (15 January 1797 in Krzanowice, Kranowitz, Silesia – 30 May 1860 in Vienna) was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Diptera. He was especially concerned with species of Economic entomology, economic interest, particularly t ...

, Austrian entomologist specializing in Diptera (d.

1860 Events January * January 2 – The astronomer Urbain Le Verrier announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan (hypothetical planet), Vulcan at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 &ndas ...

) *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

–

Joseph Barclay Pentland Joseph Barclay Pentland (17 January 1797Joseph Barclay Pentland
in ''Dictionary of Uls ...

, Irish geographer (d.

) *

January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to '' Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surren ...

Henri-Bernard Dabadie Henri-Bernard Dabadie (19 January 1797 – 20 May 1853) was a French baritone, particularly associated with Rossini and Daniel Auber, Auber roles. Life and career Born in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Pau, Dabadie studied at the Paris Conservat ...

, French baritone (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – ** Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. **U.S. President-elect ...

) **

Cornelia Aletta van Hulst Cornelia Aletta van Hulst (19 January 1797 – 7 November 1870) was a Dutch painter.1870 Events January * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge be ...

) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

– Jonathan Leavitt, American bookbinder, co-founder of the New York City publishing firm of Leavitt & Trow (d.

1852 Events January–March * January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. * January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come to ...

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded wh ...

–

Joseph Méry Joseph Méry (21 January 179717 June 1866) was a French writer, journalist, novelist, poet, playwright and librettist. Career An ardent romanticist, he collaborated with Auguste Barthélemy in many of his satires and wrote a great number of ...

, French writer (d.

) *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...

** Archduchess

Maria Leopoldina of Austria Don (honorific), Dona Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826) was the first Empress of Brazil as the wife of Emperor Dom (title), Dom Pedro I of Brazil, Pedro I from 12 October 1822 until her death. She was ...

Empress consort of Brazil The consorts of Brazil were the spouses of the reigning monarchs, using the titles of ''Queen of Brazil'' or ''Empress of Brazil'' from the establishment of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815 to the abolition of the E ...

(d.

1826 Events January–March * January 15 – The French newspaper ''Le Figaro'' begins publication in Paris, initially as a satirical weekly. * January 17 – The Ballantyne printing business in Edinburgh (Scotland) crashes, ruining noveli ...

) ** Thomas Moore-Lane, Irish oculist, surgeon, physician to the Nawab (d.

1844 In the Philippines, 1844 had only 365 days, when Tuesday, December 31 was skipped as Monday, December 30 was immediately followed by Wednesday, January 1, 1845, the next day after. The change also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marian ...

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

–

Leo Dupont Leo Dupont (24 January 1797 – 18 March 1876), also known as "the holy man of Tours" or "the apostle of the Holy Face", was a Roman Catholic layman who helped spread various devotions such as that of the Holy Face of Jesus and the nightly E ...

, Martinique-born Venerated French Catholic, who helped spread various Catholic devotions (d.

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

** Achille Rémy Percheron, French entomologist (d.

1869 Events January * January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan. * January 5 – Scotland's second oldest professional football team, Kilmarnock F.C., is founded. * January 20 – Elizabe ...

) ** John Stuart, 12th Earl of Moray (d.

1867 There were only 354 days this year in the newly purchased territory of Alaska. When the territory transferred from the Russian Empire to the United States, the calendric transition from the Julian to the Gregorian Calendar was made with only 1 ...

) *

– Therese Albertine Luise Robinson, German-American author (d.

1870 Events January * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge be ...

) *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 *AD 98, 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accessi ...

– Narcisse Girard, French violinist (d.

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

** Marguerite Beaubien, Canadian nun, mother superior with the Sisters of Charity (d.

) ** Prince Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian nobleman (d.

) *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 * 1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. * 1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 * 1607 – An es ...

–

Edwin Vose Sumner Edwin Vose Sumner (January 30, 1797March 21, 1863) was a career United States Army Commissioned officer, officer who became a Union Army General officer, general and the oldest field commander of any Army Corps on either side during the American ...

, career United States Army officer who became a Union Army general during the American Civil War (d.

1863 Events January * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing ...

) *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on th ...

–

Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; ; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical period (music), Classical and early Romantic music, Romantic eras. Despite his short life, Schubert left behind a List of compositions ...

, Austrian pianist, composer (d.

1828 Events January–March * January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Comte de Villèle, as Prime Minister of France. * January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organiz ...

) *

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), ...

– Frederick Sullivan, English first-class cricketer associated with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) (d.

) *

** Joseph Louis Corbin, French general who took command of the successful attack that lifted the Siege of Constantine in 1837 (d.

1859 Events January–March * January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico. * January 24 ( O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are uni ...

) **

Bertha Zück Anna Barbara "Bertha" Zück (2 February 1797 – 20 February 1868 at Stockholm Palacesvar.ra.se, SCB döda, Stockholms katolskaAnna Barbara Zück/ref>), also called Babette, was the German favourite, Lady's maid and treasurer of Queen Josephine o ...

, German-born treasurer of Queen Josephine of Sweden (d.

1868 Events January * January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala, Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries. * January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsu ...

) *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * *2 BC – Caesar Augustus is granted the title ''pater patriae'' by the Roman Senate. *AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. *756 – Chinese New Year; An Lushan proclaims himself E ...

– György Andrássy, Hungarian nobleman (d.

1872 Events January * January 12 – Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first ruler crowned in that city in over 500 years. *January 20 – The Cavite mutiny was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort S ...

) *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Hormizd IV, king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown and blinded by his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih. * 1579 – The Diocese of Manila is erected by papal bull, with Domingo de Salazar appointe ...

** Richard Hawes, United States Representative from Kentucky and the second Confederate Governor of Kentucky (d.

1877 Events January * January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . * January 8 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Batt ...

) ** Vaast Barthélemy Henry, French Catholic priest (d.

1884 Events January * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London to promote gradualist social progress. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera '' Princess Ida'', a satire on feminism, premières at the Savoy The ...

) **

Joseph von Radowitz Joseph Maria Ernst Christian Wilhelm von Radowitz (6 February 1797 – 25 December 1853) was a conservative Prussian statesman and general famous for his proposal to unify Germany under Prussian leadership by means of a negotiated agreement among ...

, conservative Prussian statesman, general (d.

) *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...

–

George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall George Hamilton Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall (10 February 1797 – 20 October 1883), styled Viscount Chichester until 1799 and Earl of Belfast between 1799 and 1844, was an Anglo-Irish landowner, courtier and politician. He served as Vi ...

, British landowner, courtier and politician (d.

1883 Events January * January 4 – ''Life'' magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States. * January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people. * January 16 – ...

) *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

–

Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos Richard is a male given name. It originates, via Old French, from Old Frankish and is a compound of the words descending from Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic ''*rīk-'' 'ruler, leader, king' and ''*hardu-'' 'strong, brave, hardy', and ...

, English Conservative politician (d.

) *

–

John Timon John Timon, CM (February 12, 1797 – April 16, 1867) was an American Catholic prelate who served as the first Bishop of Buffalo and founded the Brothers of the Holy Infancy. He was a member of the Vincentians. Biography Early life John Tim ...

, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo (d.

) *

– Pierre Sylvain Dumon, French politician, deputy (1831-1848) (d.

) *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Ti ...

– Henry Engelhard Steinway, German-American piano manufacturer (d.

1871 Events January–March * January 3 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory. * January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the sout ...

) *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

– Charles Alexandre, French Hellenist (d.

) *

** Jean-Baptiste Boucho, French-born Vicar Apostolic of Malacca-Singapore (d.

) ** John Day, Liberian politician and jurist, 2nd Chief Justice of Liberia (1854 until his death) (d.

) *

** Giuseppe Avezzana, Italian soldier fighting in Europe and America (d.

1879 Events January * January 1 ** The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The United States Note is valued the same as gold, for the first time since the American Civil War. ** Brahms' Violin Concerto is premiered in Leipzig with Joseph Joachim ...

) ** Wincenty Smokowski, Polish-Lithuanian painter, illustrator (Academic and Classical styles) (d.

) *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...

– João Mouzinho de Albuquerque, Portuguese writer, administrator (d.

1881 Events January * January 1– 24 – Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans. * January 13 – War of the Pacific – Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos: The Chilean army ...

) *

** Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance, French pathologist remembered for Dance's sign (d.

1832 Events January–March * January 6 – Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founds the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. * January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white pla ...

) **

Yelizaveta Golitsyna Sister Yelizaveta Alexeyevna Golitsyna (also Elizabeth Gallitzin) (22 February 1797 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – 26 November 1844 in Louisiana, United States of America) was a Russian noble and Catholic nun, who converted from Russian ...

, Russian noble, Catholic nun (d.

) *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone o ...

– Heinrich Halfeld, German engineer (d.

) *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. ...

– Samuel Lover, Irish songwriter (d.

) *

– Maria Abdy, English poet (d.

) *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...

Wilhelm Meinhold Johannes Wilhelm Meinhold (27 February 1797Bridgwater (2000), p. 213. – 30 November 1851) was a Pomeranian priest and author. Life Meinhold was born in Lütow on the island of Usedom, where his father Georg Wilhelm Meinhold (1767–1728) ...

, Pomeranian priest, author (d.

1851 Events January–March * January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion in China, one of the bloodiest revolts that would lead to 20 million deaths. * January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-d ...

) **

Henry George Ward Sir Henry George Ward Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG (27 February 17972 August 1860) was an English diplomat, politician, and colonial administrator. Early life He was the son of Robert Plumer Ward, Robert Ward (who in 1828 changed hi ...

, English diplomat, politician, and colonial administrator (d.

) *

February 28 Events Pre-1600 *202 BC – Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty. * 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic), Fourth Council of Co ...

– John Henderson, Mississippi lawyer, United States Senator (d.

1857 Events January–March * January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, '' Postimees'', is established by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. * January 7 – The partly French-owned London General Omnibus Company begins operating. * Ja ...

) *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

–

Étienne Mulsant Martial Étienne Mulsant (2 March 1797, Marnand, Rhône – 4 November 1880) was a French entomologist and ornithologist. Biography Initially employed in commerce, Mulsant wrote ''Lettres à Julie sur l'entomologie, suivies d'une description mét ...

, French entomologist, ornithologist (d.

1880 Events January *January 27 – Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the incandescent light bulb. Edison filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires." gr ...

) *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 ...

– Gotthilf Hagen, German civil engineer who made important contributions to fluid dynamics (d.

) *

** Friedrich von Gerolt, Prussian Privy Councillor, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States (d.

) **

James Rider James Rider (March 5, 1797 Springfield, New York – April 30, 1876 Jamaica, New York) was an American politician from New York. Life He was the son of John Rider (ca. 1766–1846) and Antje (Van Nostrand) Rider (b. 1765). On November 17, 1818, h ...

, American politician from New York (d.

) *

March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. * 1204 &ndas ...

–

Gerrit Smith Gerrit Smith (March 6, 1797 – December 28, 1874), also spelled Gerritt Smith, was an American social reformer, abolitionist, businessman, public intellectual, and philanthropist. Married to Ann Carroll Fitzhugh, Smith was a candidate for P ...

, American social reformer (d.

1874 Events January * January 1 – New York City annexes The Bronx. * January 2 – Ignacio María González becomes head of state of the Dominican Republic for the first time. * January 3 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Caspe &n ...

) *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cobl ...

–

Édouard Thibaudeau Édouard Thibaudeau (March 7, 1797 – August 21, 1836) was a lawyer and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Bonaventure in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1830 to 1836. His surname also appears as Thibodeau. He was bo ...

, Lower Canadian lawyer, political figure (d.

) *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes ...

** Henry Acton, English Unitarian minister (d.

1843 Events January–March * January 3 – The '' Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'' (海國圖志, ''Hǎiguó Túzhì'') compiled by Wei Yuan and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China. * J ...

) ** Selah R. Hobbie, United States Representative from New York (d.

1854 Events January–March * January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the ''Samarang''. * January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is perhaps born. * January 9 – The Te ...

) **

Henry Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth Henry Thomas Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth (10 March 1797 – 19 March 1878) was a British peer and Member of Parliament who represented several constituencies. Biography Liddell was the eldest son of Thomas Liddell. He was educated at E ...

, British peer, Member of Parliament for several constituencies (d.

1878 Events January * January 5 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Shipka Pass IV – Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire. * January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. * January 17 – Russo-Turkish War: ...

) **

George Julius Poulett Scrope George Julius Poulett Scrope Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (10 March 1797 – 19 January 1876) was an English geologist and political economist as well as a Member of Parliament and magistrate for Stroud in Gloucestershire. While an und ...

, English geologist, political economist and magistrate (d.

) *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of th ...

– Benjamin Caesar, English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket (1824-1830) (d.

) *

** Eleazer Parmly, American dentist in New York City (d.

) **

Charles de Rémusat Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*karilaz'' (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was ...

, French politician and writer (d.

) **

George Bacon Wood George Bacon Wood (March 13, 1797 – March 30, 1879) was an American physician, chemist, professor, and writer. He was chair of chemistry and materia medica at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He served as chair of materia medica, as well ...

, American physician (d.

) *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

–

Benjamin Guérard Benjamin Guérard, (15 March 1797 – 10 March 1854) was a 19th-century French librarian and historian, especially known for his edition of cartularies of abbeys of the Carolingian period. Biography Born in a family of Burgundian bourgeoi ...

, French librarian, historian (d.

) *

** Lavinia Ryves, British woman claiming to be a member of the British royal family (d.

) ** Alaric Alexander Watts, British poet, journalist (d.

1864 Events January * January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster ("Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dream ...

) *

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ...

** Andrew Fernando Holmes, Canadian physician (d.

) ** Johann Adam Pupikofer, Swiss historian, curator of the Thurgau cantonal archive in Frauenfeld (d. 1882) * March 18 – Michel Goudchaux, French banker, politician who was twice Minister of Finance during the French Second Republic (d.

) * March 19 ** John Braithwaite (engineer), John Braithwaite, English engineer, inventor of the first steam fire engine (d.

) ** Addison Gardiner, American lawyer and politician, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1854-1855) (d.

) * March 20 – John Roberton (1797), John Roberton, Scottish physician, social reformer (d.

) *

– Johann Andreas Wagner, German palaeontologist (d.

) * March 22 ** Eduard Gans, German jurist (d. 1839) ** Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany (d. 1888) ** Jean-Bernard Rousseau, French Roman Catholic professed religious of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (d.

) ** Józef Zaliwski, Polish independence activist (d. 1855) * March 23 – Ernest Edgcumbe, 3rd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, English politician (d.

) * March 24 ** Abraham Hoagland, early American Mormon leader (d.

) ** Thomas B. Jackson, United States Representative from New York (d.

) ** Sackville Lane-Fox, British Conservative Party politician (d.

) ** Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, Italian Catholic priest, philosopher (d. 1855) * March 25 ** Auguste-Arthur, Comte de Beugnot, French historian, statesman (d. 1865) ** J. G. M. Ramsey, American historian (d.

) ** John Winebrenner, American founder of the Churches of God General Conference (d.

) * March 26 ** Fortunato José Barreiros, Portuguese colonial administrator, military architect (d.

) ** Joseph Fielding, early American leader of the Latter Day Saint movement (d.

) ** Hedworth Lambton (MP), Hedworth Lambton, Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom (d.

) * March 27 ** John Dix Fisher, physician and founder of Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston (d.

) ** George Glyn, 1st Baron Wolverton, English banker with interests in the railways (d.

) ** Heinrich LXXII, Prince Reuss of Lobenstein and Ebersdorf (d.

) ** Alfred de Vigny, French poet, early leader of French Romanticism (d.

) * March 28 – George O. Belden, American politician, Representative from New York (d.

) * March 29 – Charles I. du Pont, American manufacturer, politician (d.

) * March 31 ** William Ryerson, Methodist minister, political figure in western Canada (d.

) ** Walter Calverley Trevelyan, English naturalist, geologist (d.

)

April–June

* April 1 ** Sir William Alexander, 3rd Baronet of England (d.

) ** Ludwig Titze, Austrian singer associated with Franz Schubert's songs (d.

) * April 2 ** Samuel Bogart, itinerant Methodist minister, militia captain from Ray County, Missouri (d.

) ** Joseph-François Deblois, Lower Canadian lawyer (d.

) ** John Peter Gassiot, English businessman, amateur scientist (d.

) ** Dunning R. McNair, Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate (1853-1861) (d.

) ** David Robertson, 1st Baron Marjoribanks, Scottish stockbroker, politician (d.

) ** Franz Graf von Wimpffen, Austrian general, admiral (d.

) * April 3 ** Judson Allen, American businessman, politician (d.

) ** Ebenezer Childs, American pioneer (d.

) ** Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier, Belgian botanist, Member of Parliament (d.

) * April 4 ** Asa Wentworth Jr., Vermont businessman and politician, President of the Vermont State Senate (d. 1882) ** Joseph Dresser Wickham, American minister (d. 1891) * April 5 ** Karl August Devrient, German stage actor best known for performances of Schiller and Shakespeare (d.

) ** Johann Fischbach, Austrian painter (d.

) ** Henry Perrine, physician, horticulturist, United States Consul in Campeche, Mexico (d. 1840) * April 7 ** Théodore Anne, French playwright (d.

) ** Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux, French anatomist, naturalist (d.

) ** Pierre Leroux, French philosopher, political economist (d.

) ** Joseph Young, early American convert to the Latter Day Saint movement, missionary, longtime general authority of the LDS Church (d.

) * April 8 – Jehiel Brooks, American soldier, territorial governor, and plantation owner (d. 1886) * April 9 ** Pierre Carmouche, French playwright, chansonnier (d.

) ** John Hill (North Carolina politician), John Hill, United States Representative from North Carolina (d.

) * April 12 – Zina Pitcher, American physician (d.

) * April 13 – Stanislas Julien, French sinologist, Chair of Chinese at the Collège de France for over 40 years (d.

) * April 15 ** Philip Dorsheimer, politician, New York State Treasurer (d.

) ** Michel Garicoïts, French Basque Roman Catholic priest, founder of the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Bétharram (d.

) ** Adolphe Thiers, President of France and Prime Minister of France (d.

) *

** William Beresford (politician), William Beresford, British Conservative politician (d.

) ** John Ogilvie (lexicographer), John Ogilvie, Scottish lexicographer, editor of the ''Imperial Dictionary of the English Language'' (d.

) *

** Thomas J. Drake, American lawyer, Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (d.

) ** Richard Ryan (biographer), Richard Ryan, British biographer of Irish descent (d. 1849) * April 19 ** Carlo Emanuele Muzzarelli, Italian clergyman (d. 1856) ** Jeronis de Soysa, pioneering Ceylonese entrepreneur, philanthropist (d.

) * April 21 – George Stephen Benjamin Jarvis, Upper Canadian judge, political figure (d.

) * April 23 ** Ranulph Dacre, New Zealand naval seaman (d.

) ** Giuseppe Ferlini, Italian combat medic turned explorer and treasure hunter (d.

) ** Penina Moise, United States poet (d.

) ** Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, German Romantic painter, illustrator (d. 1855) * April 24 ** Henry Bliss (author), Henry Bliss, author, lawyer and provincial agent for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (d.

) ** Peter I. Borst, American politician, United States Representative from New York (d.

) * April 26 – Albert Seerig, German surgeon, anatomist (d.

) * April 27 ** Jean Victoire Audouin, French naturalist, entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and malacologist (d. 1841) ** Eliphaz Fay, fourth president of Colby College (then called the Waterville College) in Maine (d.

) ** William B. Slaughter (politician), William B. Slaughter, United States politician (d.

) ** Linus Yale Sr., American inventor, manufacturer of locks (d. 1858) * April 28 – John Richardson (convict), John Richardson, Australian convict, accompanies several exploring expeditions as botanical collector (d. 1882) * April 29 – Gideon Hard, American lawyer, politician (d.

) * May 1 ** Pierre Nicolas Gerdy, French physician, native of Loches-sur-Ource (d. 1856) ** Johann Jakob Stähelin, Swiss theologian (d.

) * May 2 ** Abraham Pineo Gesner, Canadian geologist and inventor (d.

) * May 3 ** Heinrich Berghaus, German geographer (d.

) ** George Webster (architect), George Webster, English architect practising in Kendal (d.

) * May 6 – Joseph Brackett, American religious leader, composer (d. 1882) * May 7 ** Walter Colton, Chaplain for the United States Navy (d.

) ** Charles Frederick (Royal Navy officer), Charles Frederick, Royal Navy officer, Third Naval Lord (d.

) ** Elizabeth Grant (diarist), Elizabeth Grant, British diarist (d.

) ** José Antonio Saco, Cuban statesman, deputy to the Spanish Cortes, writer, social critic, publicist, essayist, anthropologist, historian (d.

) * May 8 ** Giacomo Luigi Brignole, Italian Catholic Cardinal, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals (d.

) ** John Septimus Roe, first Surveyor-General of Western Australia (d.

) * May 9 – Lansdown Guilding, St. Vincent-born English theologian, early naturalist (d. 1831) *

– Daniel Lynn Carroll, sixth President of Hampden–Sydney College (1835-1838) (d.

) * May 11 ** Clement Finley, 10th Surgeon General of the United States Army (d.

) ** Ernst Meyer (painter), Ernst Meyer, German-born Danish genre painter of Jewish ancestry (d.

) ** José Mariano Salas, Mexican general and politician, twice interim president of Mexico (1846 and 1859) (d.

) *

– Johann Hermann Kufferath, German composer (d.

) * May 13 – Ulrik Frederik Cappelen, Norwegian jurist and politician (d.

) * May 14 – Carl Georg Christian Schumacher, German painter (d.

) * May 15 ** George Dromgoole, Virginia politician, lawyer (d. 1847) ** Lydia Irving, British philanthropist, prison visitor (d. 1893) ** Auguste Bottée de Toulmon (the younger), Auguste Bottée de Toulmon, 19th-century French composer, musicologist (d.

) * May 16 ** Pascual Echagüe, Argentine soldier, politician (d.

) ** Pierre-Chéri Lafont, French actor (d.

) * May 18 ** Stoddard Judd, American physician, politician (d.

) ** Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (d.

) * May 19 ** Jean-Baptiste Marc Bourgery, French physician and anatomist, native of Orléans (d. 1849) ** Richard Pakenham, British diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (d.

) ** Maria Isabel of Portugal, List of heads of state of Spain, Queen of Spain (d. 1818) * May 20 – Alexis-François Rio, French writer on art (d.

) * May 21 ** Claus Winter Hjelm, Norwegian legal scholar, judge (d.

) ** Nathan Ryno Smith, American surgeon, medical school professor (d.

) * May 24 ** James Turner Morehead (Kentucky politician), James Turner Morehead, United States Senator and the 12th Governor of Kentucky (d.

) ** Archibald Randall, United States federal judge (d. 1846) ** Lars Rasch, Norwegian jurist, politician (d.

) ** Henry Thynne, 3rd Marquess of Bath, England (d. 1837) * May 26 – Ralph Randolph Gurley, American clergyman (d.

) * May 27 – Sir Thomas Bazley, 1st Baronet of England (d.

) * May 29 ** Edwin Croswell, American journalist, politician (d.

) ** Nicolas Roret, French editor, publisher known for an important series of manuals (''Manuels'') and encyclopedias (d.

) *

– Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann, German mineralogist (d.

) * June 1 – Abby Hadassah Smith, early American suffragist, campaigner for property and voting rights from Glastonbury (d.

) * June 2 – Joseph Blake, 3rd Baron Wallscourt, Irish nobleman and pioneering socialist (d. 1849) * June 6 – Rehuel Lobatto, Dutch mathematician (d.

) * June 7 ** Manuel Alves Branco, 2nd Viscount of Caravelas, Brazilian politician (d. 1855) ** Richard Samuel Guinness, Irish lawyer and a Member of Parliament (d.

) * June 8 – Henry William-Powlett, 3rd Baron Bayning, English peer and clergyman (d.

) * June 11 ** Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham, English soldier, courtier and politician (d.

) ** Henry Lascelles, 3rd Earl of Harewood, English peer and Member of Parliament (d.

) ** José Trinidad Reyes, Honduran Father, national hero, and founder of Autonomous National University of Honduras (d. 1855) * June 12 – Thomas Ainslie Young, official and political figure in Lower Canada (d.

) * June 15 ** Honoratus Bonnevie (politician), Honoratus Bonnevie, Norwegian politician (d.

) ** Sámuel Brassai, centenarian, linguist, teacher, "The Last Transylvanian Polymath" (d. 1897) * June 16 ** Sophie Frémiet, French painter (d.

) ** Alexander Kazarsky, Russian Navy officer, hero of the Russo-Turkish War (d.

) * June 17 – Alexandre Vinet, Swiss critic and theologian (d. 1847) * June 19 – Hamilton Hume, early explorer of the present-day Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria (d.

) * June 20 – Karolina Gerhardinger, German Roman Catholic professed religious, established the School Sisters of Notre Dame (d.

) * June 21 – Christoffel Brand, South African jurist (d.

) * June 23 – Théophile Bra, French Romantic sculptor and exact contemporary of Eugène Delacroix (d.

) * June 24 ** Francisco Freire Allemão e Cysneiro, Brazilian botanist who collected in northeast Brazil and along the Rio de Janeiro (d.

) ** Johan Coenraad van Hasselt, Dutch physician, zoologist (d. 1823) ** John Hughes (archbishop of New York), John Hughes, Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States (d.

) * June 26 – Imam Shamil, Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus (d.

) *

– Frederic Baraga, Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States, grammarian of Native American languages (d.

)

July–September

* July 2 ** Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág, Hungarian noblewoman, ancestor of several European monarchs (d.

) ** Pierre Joseph Michel Lorquin, French entomologist specializing in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (d.

) * July 4 ** Jacquette Löwenhielm, Swedish noble and lady-in-waiting (d. 1839) ** James W. Parker, American pioneer, uncle of Cynthia Ann Parker and the great-uncle of Comanche Quanah Parker (d.

) * July 6 – Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey, England (d.

) * July 7 – George Meads, English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket (1825-1836) (d.

) * July 11 – Francis Close, Anglican rector of Cheltenham (1826–1856) and Dean of Carlisle (1856–1881) (d. 1882) * July 12 ** John Gaylord, early American Mormon leader (d.

) ** Adele Schopenhauer, German author (d. 1849) * July 14 – James Scott Bowerbank, British naturalist, palaeontologist (d.

) * July 15 ** Kloka Anna, Swedish cunning woman, medium (d.

) ** Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I, attorney, jurist in his native Georgia (d. 1834) ** Pier Alessandro Paravia, Venetian writer, scholar, philanthropist, professor of Italian eloquence (d.

) * July 16 – Daniel D. Barnard, American politician, Representative from New York (d.

) * July 17 ** Paul Delaroche, French painter (d. 1856) ** William Matthew Harries, influential member of both houses of the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope (d. 1865) ** John Hodgetts-Foley, British Member of Parliament (d.

) * July 18 – Robert Christison, Scottish toxicologist, physician (d. 1882) * July 20 ** Gotthard Fritzsche, Prussian-Australian pastor (d.

) ** Eli Kirk Price, Philadelphia lawyer (d.

) ** Sir Paweł Strzelecki, Polish explorer, geologist (d.

) * July 21 – John M. Read, American lawyer (d.

) *

– Maria Foote, English actress, peeress (d.

) * July 25 ** Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889) ** Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, French American educator, arachnologist (d. 1856) ** Nehemiah Platt, American politician from New York (d.

) * July 26 ** William Bulkeley Hughes, Welsh politician (d. 1882) ** William Gore Ouseley, British diplomat serving in various roles in Washington (d.

) ** William Ranwell, English marine painter (d.

) * July 29 ** François Bourdon, French engineer, inventor (d. 1865) ** Daniel Drew, American businessman (d.

) ** Beverly R. Wellford, American physician (d.

) * July 30 – Harriet Windsor-Clive, 13th Baroness Windsor of England (d.

) * July 31 – Alonzo C. Paige, American lawyer, politician from New York (d.

) * August 1 ** Joseph Gensoul, French surgeon (d. 1858) ** William Knollys (British Army officer), William Thomas Knollys, British Army General (d.

) * August 2 ** John Brown (geographer), John Brown, English geographer (d.

) ** William Gibson-Craig, Scottish advocate, politician (d.

) ** Amédée Thierry, French journalist, historian (d.

) * August 4 ** William S. Hamilton, American politician, miner (d.

) ** Benjamin F. H. Witherell, Michigan jurist (d.

) * August 5 ** Cayetano Heredia, Peruvian physician (d.

) ** Friedrich August Kummer, German violoncellist, pedagogue and composer (d.

) * August 6 – August Wilhelm Stiehler, German government official, paleobotanist (d.

) * August 7 ** James Kānehoa, member of the court of King Kamehameha II and Kamehameha III during the Kingdom of Hawaii (d.

) ** Justin von Linde, German jurist, statesman from the Grand Duchy of Hesse (d.

) * August 8 ** George Peck (clergyman), George Peck, American Methodist clergyman (d.

) ** Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, French painter (d. 1890) ** George Rykert, Upper Canada businessman, surveyor and political figure (d.

) ** William Walker (Quebec politician), William Walker, Quebec lawyer, political figure (d.

) * August 9 ** Charles Allen (Massachusetts politician), Charles Allen, United States Representative from Massachusetts (d.

) ** Charles Robert Malden, British naval officer (d. 1855) ** Christian Wilhelm Niedner, German church historian, theologian (d. 1865) ** Archibald Yell, American politician, Representative from Arkansas (d. 1847) * August 10 ** Guillaume Louis Cottrau, French composer, music publisher (d. 1847) ** Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (naturalist), Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, Finnish entomologist, governor of the Viipuri province in the Grand Duchy of Finland (d.

) ** John M. Patton, Virginia politician, lawyer (d. 1858) ** Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, German botanist (d.

) * August 11 – George Shillibeer, English coachbuilder (d.

) * August 12 – Manuel Aguilar Chacón, Costa Rican head of state (d. 1846) * August 13 – Horatio Chriesman, American surveyor, politician in Mexican Texas and participant in the Texas Revolution (d.

) * August 14 – Robert Radcliffe (cricketer), Robert Radcliffe, English first-class cricketer associated with Cambridge University (d.

) * August 15 – James Black (clergyman), James Black, Scottish-born Canadian clergyman (d. 1886) * August 17 – Peter Broun, first Colonial Secretary of Western Australia (d. 1846) * August 18 – Antoine Claudet, French photographer, artist who produced daguerreotypes (d.

) * August 20 ** Johan Frederik Møller, Danish painter, photographer (d. 1882) ** John Sinclair (Archdeacon of Middlesex), John Sinclair, Archdeacon of Middlesex (d.

) ** Francesco Zantedeschi, Italian priest, physicist (d.

) * August 21 ** Chauncey J. Fox, American politician from New York (d.

) ** John Montagu (colonial secretary), John Montagu, Indian-born Tasmanian colonial secretary (d.

) ** John Iltyd Nicholl, Welsh Member of Parliament (d.

) * August 22 ** Augustin-Magloire Blanchet, French Canadian Catholic prelate in the Pacific Northwest (d. 1887) ** Thomas Dale (priest), Thomas Dale, British priest in the Church of England, Dean of Rochester (d.

) * August 23 – Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant, French mechanic, mathematician (d. 1886) * August 24 ** John Cobbold (1797–1882), John Cobbold, British brewer, railway developer and Conservative Party politician (d. 1882) ** Laufilitonga, 39th and last Tuokinai of Tonga (d. 1865) * August 25 ** John P. Bigelow, American politician (d.

) ** Henrik Hertz, Danish poet (d.

) * August 26 ** Innocent of Alaska, Russian Orthodox missionary priest (d.

) ** Sheldon Peck, American folk artist (d.

) * August 27 ** John Bathurst Deane, South African-born English clergyman, schoolmaster, antiquary and author (d. 1887) ** Edwin James (scientist), Edwin James, American botanist (d.

) * August 28 ** Ferenc Duschek, Hungarian politician (d.

) ** Karl Otfried Müller, German scholar, philodorian (d. 1840) * August 30 – Mary Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, English novelist, dramatist, essayist, biographer and travel writer (d.

) * August 31 ** Philipp von Brunnow, Russian diplomat (d.

) ** Ramón Castilla, Peruvian military leader and politician, three times President of Peru (d.

) ** James Ferguson (American astronomer), James Ferguson, Scottish-born American astronomer and engineer (d.

) * September 1 – William FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros of England (d.

) * September 3 – Benjamin Nottingham Webster, English actor-manager and dramatist (d. 1882) *

** Alvan Cullom, American politician, Representative from Tennessee (d.

) ** Raynold Kaufgetz, Swiss soldier (d.

) *

** Francis H. Cone, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U (d.

) ** John Blennerhassett Martin, American painter (d.

) ** William Ruggles, professor at George Washington University (d.

) * September 6 ** William Smith (Virginia governor), William Smith, lawyer, congressman, Governor of Virginia, Major General during the American Civil War (d. 1887) ** Jenny Vertpré, French stage actress (d. 1865) * September 7 ** Louis Vulliemin, Swiss theologian, historian (d. 1897) ** Per Erik Wallqvist, Swedish ballet dancer, ballet master (d. 1855) * September 10 ** Benjamin Nicolas Marie Appert, French philanthropist (d. 1847) ** Franz Krüger, German (Prussian) painter, lithographer (d.

) ** Daniel Parkhurst Leadbetter, United States Representative from Ohio (d.

) ** Carl Gustaf Mosander, Swedish chemist (d. 1858) ** Piotr Wysocki, Polish lieutenant, leader of the Polish conspiracy against Russian Tsar Nicolas I (d.

) * September 11 – George Strange Boulton, Upper Canada lawyer, political figure (d.

) * September 12 ** Jacob Barit, Russian Talmudist, communal worker (d.

) ** George Barrell Emerson, American educator, pioneer of women's education (d.

) ** Samuel Joseph May, American reformer (d.

) ** Samuel McLean (U.S. Consul), Samuel McLean, United States Consul for Trinidad (d.

) * September 13 – Joseph Stannard, English marine and landscape painter (d. 1830) * September 14 – Joseph-Désiré Court, French painter of historical subjects and portraits (d. 1865) * September 15 – Andrew Trumbo, United States Representative from Kentucky (d.

) * September 16 ** Levi Silliman Ives, American theologian, bishop (d.

) ** Samuel Milford, English-born Australian barrister, judge (d. 1865) ** Anthony Panizzi, Italian-born British librarian, head of the British Museum (d.

) ** Johann Friedrich Ludwig Wöhlert, German businessman (d.

) * September 17 ** Eugène Defacqz, Belgian liberal politician, magistrate (d.

) ** Heinrich Kuhl, German naturalist, zoologist (d. 1821) * September 18 – Camille-Melchior Gibert, French dermatologist (d.

) * September 19 – January Suchodolski, Polish painter, Army officer (d.

) * September 21 ** George Hamilton Seymour, British diplomat (d.

) ** John Talbot (Reformer), John Talbot, Irish-born Canadian schoolmaster (d.

) * September 23 ** Johannes Henrik Berg, Norwegian politician (d. 1886) ** Charles Brown (congressman), Charles Brown, Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (d.

) ** Thomas H. Rochester, 6th son of Colonel Nathaniel Rochester, 6th mayor of Rochester (d.

) * September 24 – Carl Peter Wilhelm Gramberg, German theologian, biblical scholar (d. 1830) * September 25 – John J. Allen (judge), John J. Allen, Virginia lawyer (d.

) * September 26 – Olry Terquem (paleontologist), Olry Terquem, French pharmacist, paleontologist (d. 1887) * September 27 ** Édouard Frère, French bookseller (d.

) ** Jacob von der Lippe, Norwegian politician, Bishop of the Diocese of Christianssand (d.

) * September 28 ** Sophie von Knorring, Swedish novelist, noble (d.

) ** Caroline LeRoy, second wife of American author Daniel Webster (d. 1882) ** Aimée Caroillon des Tillières, wealthy French heiress, saloniste during the July Monarchy (d.

) * September 29 ** Percy Nugent, Irish politician (d.

) ** Joseph Thompson (doctor), Joseph Thompson, early settler of Atlanta, Georgia (d.

)

October–December

Thurlow Weed - Project Gutenberg eText 13160

* October 1 – Lewis Ruffner, salt manufacturer from Malden, West Virginia (d.

) * October 2 – Jonathan Pitney, American physician, promoter of Absecon Island as healing seashore resort (d. 1889) * October 3 ** Knud Ibsen, father of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (d.

) ** Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d.

) ** Hopkins L. Turney, Democratic United States Representative from Tennessee (d.

) * October 4 ** Jeremias Gotthelf, Swiss novelist (d.

) ** Charles-Séraphin Rodier (mayor), Charles-Séraphin Rodier, Canadian merchant (d.

) * October 5 – John Gardner Wilkinson, English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist (d.

) * October 6 ** Albrecht Elof Ihre, Swedish diplomat, Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs (d.

) ** Charles Panet, lawyer and political figure in Quebec (d.

) ** Joseph Othmar Rauscher, Austrian Prince-Archbishop of Vienna and cardinal (d.

) * October 7 – Peter Georg Bang, Danish politician, jurist (d.

) * October 8 ** William H. DeLancey, American Episcopal bishop (d. 1865) ** Ludwig Förster, German-born Austrian architect (d.

) ** Charles Knapp (congressman), Charles Knapp, United States Representative from New York (d.

) ** William Thomasson, United States Representative from Kentucky (d. 1882) * October 9 ** Thomas Boutillier, Quebec doctor, political figure (d.

) ** Henry Collen, English miniature portrait painter to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and the Duchess of Kent (d.

) ** Philippe Suchard, Swiss chocolatier, industrialist (d.

) * October 10 ** August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff, Prussian diplomat (d.

) ** Thomas Drummond, British army officer, civil engineer, senior public official (d. 1840) * October 12 – Gaspard Thémistocle Lestiboudois, French naturalist (d.

) * October 13 ** George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797), George Anson, British military officer, Whig politician (d.

) ** Thomas Haynes Bayly, English poet (d. 1839) ** Dong Haichuan, Chinese martial artist, credited to be the founder of Baguazhang (d. 1882) ** John H. McHenry, United States House of Representatives (d.

) ** William Motherwell, Scottish poet, antiquary and journalist (d. 1835) * October 14 ** Jean Crespon, French zoologist and naturalist (d.

) ** Ida Laura Pfeiffer, Austrian traveler and travel book author (d. 1858) * October 15 ** Johann Gottlieb Fleischer, German botanist and ornithologist (d. 1838) ** Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse, German philologist (d. 1855) ** William Siborne, British officer and military historian whose most notable work was a history of the Waterloo Campaign (d. 1849) * October 16 – James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan (d.

) *

** Mario Aspa, Italian composer (d.

) ** Juan Lavalle, Argentine military and political figure (d. 1841) *

** Gallus Jacob Baumgartner, Swiss statesman and prominent federalist (d.

) ** Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont, French physician and psychiatrist (d.

) * October 19 – Littleton Kirkpatrick, American Whig Party politician (d.

) * October 20 – José Bernardo Escobar, interim President of Guatemala (d. 1849) *

** Thomas M. Allen (Missouri clergyman), Thomas M. Allen, clergyman who played a prominent role in establishing the Christian Church in Missouri (d.

) ** William Hale (British inventor), William Hale, British inventor (d.

) * October 24 – Štefan Moyses, Slovak bishop, teacher, patriot, co-founder and first chairman of ''Matica slovenská'' (d.

) * October 25 ** Crispino Agostinucci, Italian Catholic bishop (d. 1856) ** Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran, first Police Commissioner and first Police Magistrate of South Australia (d.

) * October 26 ** Johann Adam Philipp Hepp, German physician, lichenologist (d.

) ** Luther Severance, United States Representative, diplomat from Maine (d. 1855) ** Antoine-Charles Taschereau, Quebec official, political figure (d.

) * October 27 – Andrew Combe, Scottish physician, phrenologist (d. 1847) * October 28 – James C. Curtis, American lawyer, politician (d.

) * October 30 ** Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1829) ** Lott Warren, United States Representative from Georgia (U (d.

) * October 31 – Benjamin H. Smith, American politician from Virginia (d. 1887) * November 1 ** María Santos Corrales, inspiration of Peru's famous poet and patriot soldier (d.

) ** Michael Loam, British (Cornish) engineer, introduced the first man engine to carry men up and down a mine shaft into the UK (d.

) ** Sir Hedworth Williamson, 7th Baronet of England (d.

) * November 2 – Baltazar Mathias Keilhau, Norwegian geologist, mountain pioneer (d. 1858) * November 3 – Thomas Icely, early colonial New South Wales landholder, stockbreeder (d.

) * November 4 – Carlo Blasis, Italian dancer (d.

) * November 5 – Elisha H. Groves, mid-level American LDS Church leader (d.

) * November 6 – Gabriel Andral, French pathologist, professor at the University of Paris (d.

) * November 13 – Niklas Westring, Swedish entomologist, arachnologist (d. 1882) * November 14 ** Moses M. Haarbleicher, German-Jewish poet, critic (d.

) ** Tilghman Howard, U.S. Representative from Indiana (d.

) ** Charles Lyell, Scottish geologist (d.

) ** Justus Radius, German pathologist, ophthalmologist (d.

) * November 15 ** Leopold von Sonnleithner, Austrian lawyer (d.

) ** Thurlow Weed, New York newspaper publisher, Whig and Republican politician (d. 1882) * November 17 – Isaac Funk, American rancher and politician (d. 1865) * November 18 – Carl Reinhold Roth, Swedish businessman, ironmaster (d. 1858) * November 19 ** Charles Anthon, American classical scholar (d.

) ** John Crenshaw, American landowner (d.

) ** Jesse Crowell, pioneer settler in Michigan (d.

) * November 20 ** Mary Buckland, English palaeontologist, marine biologist and scientific illustrator (d.

) ** María de los Remedios de Escalada, wife of the leader of the Argentine War of Independence (d. 1823) * November 21 – Anders Josef Europaeus, Finnish priest, vicar (d.

) * November 22 – David Salomons, leading figure in the struggle for Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom (d.

) * November 23 ** Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham, British peer (d.

) ** Benjamin Hale (educator), Benjamin Hale, American educator, clergyman (d.

) * November 27 – José Xavier de Cerveira e Sousa, Portuguese prelate (d.

) * November 29 ** Albert Day (politician), Albert Day, American politician, 27th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (d.

) ** Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (d.

) * November 30 ** Pierre-Martial Bardy, Lower Canada teacher, doctor and political figure (d.

) ** Otto Vincent Lange, Norwegian politician (d.

) * December 2 – Benjamin F. Hallett, Massachusetts lawyer, Democratic Party activist (d.

) * December 3 ** Margaretta Morris, American entomologist (d.

) ** Andrew Smith (zoologist), Andrew Smith, Scottish surgeon, explorer, ethnologist and zoologist (d.

) * December 4 ** Thomas Patterson Brockman, member of South Carolina Senate and House of Representatives (d.

) ** George Tupou I, King of Tonga (d. 1893) * December 5 ** Steen Andersen Bille (1797–1883), Steen Andersen Bille, Danish vice-admiral and minister for the navy (d.

) ** Eugène Soubeiran, French scientist (d.

) * December 6 ** Károly Nagy, Hungarian astronomer (d.

) ** Antoinette Henriette Clémence Robert, French writer of historical fiction (d.

) * December 7 – Charles J. McCurdy, American lawyer (d. 1891) * December 8 – Martin Martens, Belgian botanist, chemist (d.

) * December 9 ** Michael Aikman (politician), Michael Aikman, Lower Canada businessman, political figure (d.

) ** Thomas Davee, United States Representative from Maine (d. 1841) * December 10 – Raffaele Fidanza, Italian painter (d. 1846) * December 11 ** Alfred Dockery, American Representative from North Carolina (d.

) ** Hiram Paulding, Rear Admiral in the United States Navy (d.

) * December 12 ** Lucy Anderson (musician), Lucy Anderson, English pianist (d.

) ** Pierre Léonard Vander Linden, Belgian entomologist (d. 1831) * December 13 – Heinrich Heine, German poet (d. 1856) * December 14 ** Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo, Catholic Cardinal, holder of significant legal positions in the church (d.

) ** Emil Huschke, German anatomist, embryologist (d. 1858) * December 15 ** Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause, German anatomist (d.

) ** Joseph Lecompte, United States Representative from Kentucky (d.

) ** Erik Røring Møinichen, Norwegian politician (d.

) ** Andrew Tracy, American politician (d.

) * December 17 ** Richard Cheslyn, English amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket (1825-1846) (d. 1858) ** Joseph Henry, American scientist (d.

) * December 18 ** August Friedrich Wilhelm Forchhammer, jurist, historian from the Duchy of Schleswig (d.

) ** Dirk van Hogendorp (1797–1845), Dirk van Hogendorp, Dutch jurist (d. 1845) * December 19 – Antoine Louis Dugès, French obstetrician, naturalist (d. 1838) * December 22 ** Charles Fox (scientist), Charles Fox, English Quaker scientist (d.

) ** Thomas Manders, English actor-manager and low comedian (d.

) ** William Benjamin Robinson, Upper Canada fur trader and political figure (d.

) * December 23 – Adrien-Henri de Jussieu, French botanist (d.

) * December 24 ** Robert Irwin Jr., American pioneer, territorial legislator (d.

) ** Lewis Jones (Royal Navy officer), Lewis Jones, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1895) * December 25 ** Bernard Donald Macdonald, second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (d.

) ** Joseph-Marie Quérard, French bibliographer (d. 1865) * December 26 ** Enoch Cobb, Massachusetts farmer, businessman, philanthropist (d.

) ** Johann Gustav Heckscher, German politician (d. 1865) ** Thomas M. Pettit, United States lawyer (d.

) ** Hans Skramstad, Norwegian pianist and composer (d. 1839) * December 27 ** Mirza Beg Asadullah Khan (Mirza Ghalib), Indian poet (d.1868) ** Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (d.

) ** Charles Hodge, Presbyterian theologian, principal of Princeton Theological Seminary (1851-1878) (d.

) ** Manuela Sáenz, Colombian national heroine (d. 1856) * December 28 ** Rodolphus Dickinson, United States Representative from Ohio (d. 1849) ** John Marshall (MP for Leeds, died 1836), John Marshall, English politician (d.

) * December 29 – François Leuret, French anatomist, psychiatrist (d.

) * ''approximate date'' – Sojourner Truth, African-American abolitionist, women's rights activist (d.

)

Deaths

January–March

– Francis Lightfoot Lee, member of the House of Burgesses in the Colony of Virginia (b. 1734) *

– Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, queen consort of Prussia (b. 1715) *

– David Graeme (1716–1797), David Graeme, British Army general (b. 1716) *

– Antão de Almada, 12th Count of Avranches (b. 1718) *

– John Glover (general), John Glover, American military general, fisherman and merchant (b. 1732) *

– James Duane, American lawyer (b. 1733) * February 8 – Princess Joséphine of Lorraine (b. 1753) *

– Antoine Dauvergne, French composer (b. 1713) * February 13 – Sir Robert Burdett, 4th Baronet, British politician and member of the English gentry (b. 1716) *

– Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, daughter of King Augustus III of Poland (b. 1728) *

– John Parkhurst (lexicographer), John Parkhurst, English academic (b. 1728) *

– Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Freiherr von Münchhausen, German officer and adventurer (b. 1720) *

– Horace Walpole, English politician and writer (b. 1717) *

– Empress Xiaoshurui, first Empress Consort of the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (b. 1760) *

** John Gabriel Stedman, British–Dutch colonial soldier and author (b. 1744) ** Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey, German writer (b. 1711) *

– Cristina Roccati, Italian scholar in physics (b. 1732) *

– Daniel Dulany the Younger, Maryland Loyalist politician (b. 1722) * March 26 – James Hutton, Scottish geologist (b. 1726) * March 30 – Pierre Jean Van Stabel, French rear-admiral (b. 1744) * March 31 ** Olaudah Equiano, Nigerian ex-slave, abolitionist (b. c. 1746) ** Elizabeth Washington Lewis, younger sister of George Washington, the only sister to live to adulthood (b. 1733)

April–June

* April 4 – Pierre-François Berruer, French sculptor (b. 1733) *

– Susanna Boylston, prominent early-American socialite (b. 1708) * April 27 – Henry Louis, Prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken, titular prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken (b. 1768) * April 29 – Elizabeth Ryves, Irish writer, translator (b. 1750) * May 7 – Jedediah Strutt, English hosier and cotton spinner from Belper (b. 1726) * May 14 – Giovanni Fagnano, Italian churchman and mathematician (b. 1715) * May 17 – Michel-Jean Sedaine, French dramatist (b. 1719) * May 25 ** Andrew Elliot, acting colonial governor of the Province of New York (b. 1728) ** John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, British field marshal (b. 1719) * May 27 ** François-Noël Babeuf, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1760) ** Augustin Alexandre Darthé, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1769) * June 15 – Christen Friis Rottbøll, Danish physician, botanist and pupil of Carolus Linnaeus (b. 1727) * June 17 ** Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran (b. 1742) ** Mohammad Khan Qajar, Iranian king (b. 1742) * June 21 – Andreas Peter Bernstorff, Danish statesman, politician (b. 1735) * June 24 – Bahadur Shah of Nepal, younger son of King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723–1775) of modern Nepal (b. 1757) * June 30 ** Welbore Ellis Doyle, third Military Governor of British Ceylon (b. 1758) ** Richard Parker (mutineer), Richard Parker, English sailor executed for his role as president of the so-called "Floating Republic" (b. 1767)

July–September

Joseph Wright of Derby - self-portrait c

– Edmund Burke, Irish philosopher (b. 1723) * July 11 – Ienăchiță Văcărescu, Wallachian writer (b. 1740) * July 12 – Peter Bonnevaux, fourth Military Governor of British Ceylon, third General Officer Commanding (b. 1752) * July 14 – Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc, member of the wealthy and influential Rohan family of France (b. 1725) * July 25 ** Richard Bowen (Royal Navy), Richard Bowen, officer of the Royal Navy during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars (b. 1761) ** George Thorp (Royal Navy officer), George Thorp, officer of the British Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary Wars (b. 1777) * July 29 – John Weatherhead, officer of the British Royal Navy (b. 1775) * August 3 ** August 3 – Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, British soldier and conqueror of Quebec (b. 1717) ** James Davenport (Connecticut congressman), James Davenport, American lawyer (b. 1758) * August 6 – James Pettit Andrews, English historian, antiquary (b. 1737) * August 10 – Alexei Senyavin, Russian admiral (b. 1716) * August 22 – Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, Alsatian-born Austrian general (b. 1724) * August 25 – Thomas Chittenden, first governor of the state of Vermont (b. 1730) *

– Joseph Wright of Derby, English landscape and portrait painter (b. 1734) *

– Sir William Ashburnham, 4th Baronet, Church of England clergyman, baronet (b. 1710) * September 10 – Mary Wollstonecraft, English feminist author (b. 1759) * September 12 – David Forman (general), David Forman, brigadier general of New Jersey militia (b. 1745) * September 19 ** Samuel Enderby, English whale oil merchant known for sponsoring Arctic exploration (b. 1719) ** Lazare Hoche, French soldier who rose to be general of the Revolutionary army (b. 1768) * September 21 ** Asaf-ud-Daula, nawab wazir of Oudh (b. 1748) ** Hugh Pigot (Royal Navy officer, born 1769), Hugh Pigot, British Royal Navy officer (b. 1769) * September 25 – John Baughan, English carpenter, thief and transportee to Australia (b. 1754) *

– Gunning Bedford Sr., American lawyer and politician from New Castle (b. 1742)

October–December

* October 9 – Vilna Gaon, Lithuanian rabbi (b. 1720) * October 10 ** Agui, Manchu noble general for the Qing dynasty (b. 1717) ** Carter Braxton, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, merchant, planter, Virginia politician (b. 1736) * October 14 – William Orr (United Irishman), William Orr, member of the United Irishmen (executed) (b. 1766) *

– Jean-François Hubert, bishop of Quebec (b. 1739) * October 20 – William Cooke (Provost of King's College), William Cooke, English cleric, academic (b. 1711) * November 14 – Ivan Shuvalov, founder of Moscow University (b. 1727) *

– King Frederick William II of Prussia (b. 1744) * November 18 – Jacques-Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat, French shipbuilder, merchant (b. 1719) * November 26 – Andrew Adams (congressman), Andrew Adams, American lawyer (b. 1736) * November 27 – Johann Baptist Wendling, Alsatian-born flute player, composer of the Mannheim School (b. 1723) * November 29 – Samuel Langdon, American Congregational clergyman, President of Harvard University (b. 1723) * December 1 – Oliver Wolcott, American politician (b. 1726) * December 11 – Richard Brocklesby, English physician (b. 1722) * December 13 – Louis Legendre, French politician of the Revolution period (b. 1752) * December 23 ** Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1732) ** Solomon Southwick (American Revolution), Solomon Southwick, Newport, Rhode Island printer, newspaper publisher (b. 1731) * December 26 – John Wilkes, English radical (b. 1725) * December 30 – David Martin (artist), David Martin, British painter, engraver (b. 1737) * ''Date unknown'' ** Joseph Ferrers, English Carmelite friar. ** Wang Zhenyi (astronomer), Wang Zhenyi, Chinese astronomer

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1797 1797,