Events

January–February

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

–

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...

– Burning of Norfolk: The town of

Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk ( ) is an independent city (United States), independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It had a population of 238,005 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of cities in Virginia, third-most populous city ...

is destroyed, by the combined actions of the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

and occupying Patriot forces. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

–

American Revolution The American Revolution (1765–1783) was a colonial rebellion and war of independence in which the Thirteen Colonies broke from British America, British rule to form the United States of America. The revolution culminated in the American ...

–

Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In ...

publishes his pamphlet ''

Common Sense Common sense () is "knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection or argument". As such, it is often considered to represent the basic level of sound practical judgement or know ...

'', arguing for independence from British rule in the

Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies were the British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America which broke away from the British Crown in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and joined to form the United States of America. The Thirteen C ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

–

South Carolina South Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders North Carolina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and Georgia (U.S. state), Georg ...

Loyalists led by Robert Cunningham sign a petition from prison, agreeing to all demands for peace by the formed state government of South Carolina. *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

–

Henry Knox Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American military officer, politician, bookseller, and a Founding Father of the United States. Knox, born in Boston, became a senior general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionar ...

arrives at

Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a suburb in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, located directly across the Charles River from Boston. The city's population as of the 2020 United States census, ...

, with the artillery that he has transported from

Fort Ticonderoga Fort Ticonderoga (), formerly Fort Carillon, is a large 18th-century star fort built by the French at a narrows near the south end of Lake Champlain in northern New York. It was constructed between October 1755 and 1757 by French-Canadian ...

. *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

–

Edward Gibbon Edward Gibbon (; 8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician. His most important work, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', published in six volumes between 1776 and 1789, is known for ...

publishes the first volume of ''

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', sometimes shortened to ''Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon. The six volumes cover, from 98 to 1590, the peak of the Ro ...

''. *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...

–

– Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge: Scottish

North Carolina North Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, South Carolina to the south, Georgia (U.S. stat ...

Loyalists charge across Moore's Creek Bridge near Wilmington, to attack what they mistakenly believe to be a small force of rebels. Several leaders are killed in the ensuing battle. The patriot victory virtually ends all British authority in the province.

March–April

March March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 2 ...

– Restrictions on the cereal trade in

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

are lifted. *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

– 3 –

: **

Battle of Nassau The Raid of Nassau (March 3–4, 1776) was a naval operation and amphibious assault by American forces against the British port of Nassau, Bahamas, during the American Revolutionary War. The raid, designed to resolve the issue of gunpowder sho ...

: The American

Continental Navy The Continental Navy was the navy of the United Colonies and United States from 1775 to 1785. It was founded on October 13, 1775 by the Continental Congress to fight against British forces and their allies as part of the American Revolutionary ...

and

Marines Marines (or naval infantry) are military personnel generally trained to operate on both land and sea, with a particular focus on amphibious warfare. Historically, the main tasks undertaken by marines have included Raid (military), raiding ashor ...

make a successful assault on

Nassau, Bahamas Nassau ( ) is the capital and largest city of The Bahamas. It is on the island of New Providence, which had a population of 246,329 in 2010, or just over 70% of the entire population of The Bahamas. As of April 2023, the preliminary results of ...

. ** Battle of the Rice Boats: American Patriots resist the Royal Navy on the

Savannah River The Savannah River is a major river in the Southeastern United States, forming most of the border between the states of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia and South Carolina. The river flows from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, ...

; British control over the

Province of Georgia The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern Colonies in colonial-era British America. In 1775 it was the last of the Thirteen Colonies to support the American Revolution. The original land grant of the Province of G ...

is lost. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...

–

– American Patriots capture

Dorchester Heights Dorchester Heights is the central area of South Boston. It is the highest area in the neighborhood and commands a view of both Boston Harbor and downtown. History Dorchester is remembered in American history for an action in the American Rev ...

, dominating the port of

Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...

. *

March 9 Events Pre-1600 *141 BC – Liu Che, Posthumous name, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China. *1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the Annals of Quedlinburg, annals of the mo ...

– Scottish economist

Adam Smith Adam Smith (baptised 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the field of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Seen by some as the "father of economics"——— or ...

publishes ''

The Wealth of Nations ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'', usually referred to by its shortened title ''The Wealth of Nations'', is a book by the Scottish people, Scottish economist and moral philosophy, moral philosopher Adam Smith; ...

'' in London. *

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ...

–

– Threatened by Patriot cannons on

, the British evacuate

, ending the 11‑month

Siege of Boston The siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. In the siege, Patriot (American Revolution), American patriot militia led by newly-installed Continental Army commander George Wash ...

. *

March 25 Until 1752 it was the official date of the beginning of the year in England and its dominions (in the Julian calendar). Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The Southern Yan capital of Guanggu falls to the Jin dynasty general Liu Yu, ending th ...

–

– American Patriots conduct a Raid on Tybee Island, primarily seeking to capture runaway slaves who sought refuge with British forces stationed there. *

March 28 Events Pre-1600 * AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Did ...

** Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the

Presidio of San Francisco The Presidio of San Francisco (originally, El Presidio Real de San Francisco or The Royal Fortress of Saint Francis) is a park and former U.S. Army post on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Francisco, California, and is part ...

. ** The

Bolshoi Ballet The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest Ballet company, ballet companies. In the early 20th century, it ca ...

, a world-renowned ballet group, is founded in

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...

–

– The Royal Colony of North Carolina produces the Halifax Resolves, making it the first British colony to officially authorize its

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislature, legislative bodies, with some executive function, for the Thirteen Colonies of British America, Great Britain in North America, and the newly declared United States before, during, and after ...

delegates, to vote for independence from the

Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...

. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the '' ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes ...

– Jeongjo becomes the King of Joseon following the death of his grandfather Yeongjo.

May–June

May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. * 1169 & ...

–

Adam Weishaupt Johann Adam Weishaupt (; 6 February 1748 – 18 November 1830)''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'Vol. 41, p. 539van Dülmen, Richard. ''Der Geheimbund der Illuminaten''. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog, 1975.Stauffer, Vernon. '' ew Englandand the B ...

founds the '' Illuminati'' in

Ingolstadt Ingolstadt (; Austro-Bavarian language, Austro-Bavarian: ) is an Independent city#Germany, independent city on the Danube, in Upper Bavaria, with 142,308 inhabitants (as of 31 December 2023). Around half a million people live in the metropolitan ...

Bavaria Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a States of Germany, state in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the list of German states by area, largest German state by land area, comprising approximately 1/5 of the total l ...

. *

May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformer John Wycliffe is condemned a ...

–

Rhode Island Rhode Island ( ) is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Connecticut to its west; Massachusetts to its north and east; and the Atlantic Ocean to its south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Is ...

becomes the first American colony to renounce allegiance to King George III of Great Britain. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurpe ...

– 26 –

– Battle of the Cedars: British forces skirmish with the American

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies representing the Thirteen Colonies and later the United States during the American Revolutionary War. It was formed on June 14, 1775, by a resolution passed by the Second Continental Co ...

around Les Cèdres, Quebec. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointe ...

– A fire destroys major parts of the town of Askersund,

. *

June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – He ...

–

Richard Henry Lee Richard Henry Lee (January 20, 1732June 19, 1794) was an American statesman and Founding Father from Virginia, best known for the June 1776 Lee Resolution, the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence fr ...

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States ...

proposes to the

Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress (1775–1781) was the meetings of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolution and American Revolutionary War, Revolutionary War, which established American independence ...

(meeting in Philadelphia) that "these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." * June 8 –

– Battle of Trois-Rivières: The invading American Continental Army is driven back at Trois-Rivières, Quebec. * June 10 – Death of King Hsinbyushin of the

Konbaung dynasty The Konbaung dynasty (), also known as the Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်), was the last dynasty that ruled Burma from 1752 to 1885. It created the second-largest empire in history of Mya ...

. * June 11 –

– The

appoints a Committee of Five to draft a

Declaration of Independence A declaration of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breaka ...

. * June 12 –

– The ''

Virginia Declaration of Rights The Virginia Declaration of Rights was drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government. It influenced a number of later documents, including the United States Declaratio ...

'' (by George Mason) is adopted by the Virginia Convention of Delegates. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

–

– Delaware Separation Day: The

Delaware General Assembly The Delaware General Assembly is the legislature of the U.S. state of Delaware. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the Delaware Senate with 21 senators and the Delaware House of Representatives with 41 representatives. It meets at Legi ...

votes to suspend government under the British Crown. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. *1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were burn ...

– Lt. José Joaquín Moraga leads a band of colonists from Monterey Presidio, landing on

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of Wei. * 1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1170 – A major earthquake hits Syria, badly damagi ...

and, with Father Francisco Palóu, constructing the Mission San Francisco de Asís ("Mission Dolores") of the new Presidio of

San Francisco San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of ...

, the oldest surviving building in the modern-day city. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 *1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha, Kerbogha of Mosul at the Battle of Antioch (1098), battle of Antioch. *1360 – Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada, Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid dynasty, Nas ...

–

– Battle of Sullivan's Island:

militia repel a British attack on Charleston. *

–

– Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet: The American

successfully challenges the British

blockade off

New Jersey New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...

July–August

* July 2 –

– The final U.S. Declaration of Independence (with minor revisions) is written. The Continental Congress passes the Lee Resolution. *

July 4 Events Pre-1600 * 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and procla ...

–

United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in the original printing, is the founding document of the United States. On July 4, 1776, it was adopted unanimously by the Second Continen ...

: The Continental Congress ratifies the declaration by the United States of its independence from the

. *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1167 – The Byzantines defeat the Hungarian army ...

–

– The

Liberty Bell The Liberty Bell, previously called the State House Bell or Old State House Bell, is an iconic symbol of American Revolution, American independence located in Philadelphia. Originally placed in the steeple of Pennsylvania State House, now know ...

rings in Philadelphia, for the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. *

July 9 Events Pre-1600 * 118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodo ...

–

– An angry mob in New York City topples the equestrian statue of George III of Great Britain in Bowling Green. * July 12 – Captain

James Cook Captain (Royal Navy), Captain James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer, and cartographer famous for his three voyages of exploration to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, conducted between 176 ...

sets off from

Plymouth Plymouth ( ) is a port city status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Devon, South West England. It is located on Devon's south coast between the rivers River Plym, Plym and River Tamar, Tamar, about southwest of Exeter and ...

, England, in HMS ''Resolution'' on his third voyage, to the Pacific Ocean and

Arctic The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...

, which will be fatal. * July 21 –

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition and proficiency from an early age ...

's '' Serenade No. 7'' (the "Haffner") is first performed in

Salzburg Salzburg is the List of cities and towns in Austria, fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020 its population was 156,852. The city lies on the Salzach, Salzach River, near the border with Germany and at the foot of the Austrian Alps, Alps moun ...

, Austria. * July 29 – Domínguez–Escalante expedition: Francisco Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez, and eight other Spaniards set out from Santa Fe, on an eighteen-hundred mile trek through the American Southwest. They are the first Europeans to explore the vast region between the Rockies and the Sierras. *

August 1 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic. *AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt u ...

– The

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata or Viceroyalty of Buenos Aires ( or Virreinato de Buenos Aires or ) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was ...

is established in southern South America. * August 2 – Most of the American colonies ratify the

. * August 15 –

– The first Hessian troops land on

Staten Island Staten Island ( ) is the southernmost of the boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Richmond County and situated at the southernmost point of New York (state), New York. The borough is separated from the ad ...

, to join British forces. * August 25 – Scottish philosopher and historian

David Hume David Hume (; born David Home; – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical scepticism and metaphysical naturalism. Beg ...

dies. * August 27 –

–

Battle of Long Island The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, was an action of the American Revolutionary War fought on August 27, 1776, at and near the western edge of Long Island in present-day Brooklyn ...

: Washington's troops are defeated in

Brooklyn Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...

by the British, under William Howe. * August – The guild organisation '' Marchandes de modes'' is founded in Paris.

September–October

* September 1 – Cherokee–American wars: The invasion of the Cherokee Nation by 6,000 patriot troops from Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina begins. The troops destroy 36 Cherokee towns. * September 6 – A hurricane hits

Guadeloupe Guadeloupe is an Overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre Island, Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galant ...

, killing more than 6,000 people. * September 7 –

– World's first

submarine A submarine (often shortened to sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability.) The term "submarine" is also sometimes used historically or infor ...

attack: The American submersible craft ''

Turtle Turtles are reptiles of the order (biology), order Testudines, characterized by a special turtle shell, shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Crypt ...

'' attempts to attach a time bomb to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship , in

New York Harbor New York Harbor is a bay that covers all of the Upper Bay. It is at the mouth of the Hudson River near the East River tidal estuary on the East Coast of the United States. New York Harbor is generally synonymous with Upper New York Bay, ...

. *

September 9 Events Pre-1600 *337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti. * 1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. * 1141 &ndas ...

– The

officially names its union of states the ''

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

'' (previously the United Colonies). * September 11 –

– An abortive

peace conference A peace conference is a diplomatic meeting where representatives of states, armies, or other warring parties converge to end hostilities by negotiation and signing and ratifying a peace treaty. Significant international peace conferences in ...

takes place between the British and Americans, on

. * September 15 –

–

Landing at Kip's Bay The Landing at Kip's Bay was a British amphibious landing during the New York campaign in the American Revolutionary War on September 15, 1776. It occurred on the East River shore of Manhattan north of what then constituted New York City. Heavy ...

: British troops land on

Manhattan Manhattan ( ) is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City. Coextensive with New York County, Manhattan is the County statistics of the United States#Smallest, larg ...

at Kips Bay. Nathan Hale hanged by British 1776

* September 16 –

– Battle of Harlem Heights: The Continental Army under Washington is victorious against the British on Manhattan. * September 17 – The

is founded in New Spain. * September 20 – The Great Fire of New York of 1776 starts during the night, ending the following morning. * September 22 –

– Nathan Hale is executed by the British in New York City, for espionage. *

September 24 Events Pre-1600 *AD 787, 787 – Second Council of Nicaea: The council assembles at the church of Hagia Sophia. *1568 – Spanish naval forces defeat an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ul� ...

** The first running of the St Leger Stakes horse race (not yet named) in England, first of the British Classic Races, devised by Anthony St Leger (British Army officer), takes place on Cantley Common at

Doncaster Doncaster ( ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in South Yorkshire, England. Named after the River Don, Yorkshire, River Don, it is the administrative centre of the City of Doncaster metropolitan borough, and is the second largest se ...

. The winner is a filly (later named Allabaculia) owned by the organiser, the 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. ** The

Bolshoi Theatre The Bolshoi Theatre ( rus, Большо́й теа́тр, r=Bol'shoy teatr, p=bɐlʲˈʂoj tʲɪˈat(ə)r, t=Grand Theater) is a historic opera house in Moscow, Russia, originally designed by architect Joseph Bové. Before the October Revolutio ...

company hosts its first annual

opera Opera is a form of History of theatre#European theatre, Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by Singing, singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically ...

season, with the opening of the ''Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre'' in

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

, Russia. *

October 7 Events Pre-1600 * 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar. * 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon. * 1477 ...

–

Crown Prince A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title, crown princess, is held by a woman who is heir apparent or is married to the heir apparent. ''Crown prince ...

Paul of Russia marries Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. * October 9 – Father Francisco Palóu founds the Mission San Francisco de Asís, in what is now

. * October 11 –

–

Battle of Valcour Island The Battle of Valcour Island, also known as the Battle of Valcour Bay, was a naval engagement that took place on October 11, 1776, on Lake Champlain. The main action took place in Valcour Bay, a narrow strait between the Province of New York, Ne ...

: On

Lake Champlain Lake Champlain ( ; , ) is a natural freshwater lake in North America. It mostly lies between the U.S. states of New York (state), New York and Vermont, but also extends north into the Canadian province of Quebec. The cities of Burlington, Ve ...

near Valcour Island, a British fleet led by Sir Guy Carleton defeats 15 American gunboats, commanded by Brigadier General

Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold (#Brandt, Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American-born British military officer who served during the American Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of ...

. Although nearly all of Arnold's ships are destroyed, the two-day-long battle will give Patriot forces enough time to prepare the defenses of New York City. *

October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek phil ...

–

Battle of Pell's Point A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

: Troops of the American

resist a British and Hessian force in

The Bronx The Bronx ( ) is the northernmost of the five Boroughs of New York City, boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It shares a land border with Westchester County, New York, West ...

. * October 28 –

– Battle of White Plains: British forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans. * October 31 – In his first speech before British Parliament since the Declaration of Independence that summer, King

George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and ...

acknowledges that all is not going well for Britain, in the war with the United States.

November–December

* November 16 **

– Battle of Fort Washington: Hessian forces under Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen capture Fort Washington (Manhattan) from the American

. ** The captain of the American navy ship '' Andrew Doria'' fires a salute to the Dutch flag on Fort Oranje, and Johannes de Graaff answers with 11 gun shots. * November 20 –

– Battle of Fort Lee: The invasion of

, by British and Hessian forces, leads to the subsequent general retreat of the American Continental Army. * December 5 – The

Phi Beta Kappa The Phi Beta Kappa Society () is the oldest academic honor society in the United States. It was founded in 1776 at the College of William & Mary in Virginia. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, ...

society is founded at the

College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary (abbreviated as W&M) is a public university, public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 under a royal charter issued by King William III of England, William III and Queen ...

. * December 6 – The General Assembly of

votes to create Kentucky County as the portion of the colony's Fincastle County that is located west of the Cumberland Mountains. In 1792, the county will become the 15th state of the United States as the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The rest of Fincastle County, between the

Blue Ridge Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains are a Physiographic regions of the United States, physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Highlands range. The mountain range is located in the Eastern United States and extends 550 miles southwest from southern ...

and the Appalachians is divided into the first county to be named after

George Washington George Washington (, 1799) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot (American Revoluti ...

(

Washington County, Virginia Washington County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 53,935. Its county seat is Abingdon. Washington County is part of the Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, TN-VA Metr ...

) in the south along the border with the

colony, and Montgomery County in the north. The divisions take effect on December 31. * December 7 –

– The Marquis de Lafayette attempts to enter the American military as a major general. * December 12 – The second Continental Congress ends after a session that began on May 10, 1775, and continued for 582 days.''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p166 *

December 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1154 – Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey. * 1187 – Pope Clement III is elected. * 1490 – Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy. * 1562 &ndas ...

–

, living with Washington's troops, publishes the first in the series of pamphlets on '' The American Crisis'' in '' The Pennsylvania Journal'', opening with the stirring phrase, "These are the times that try men's souls." *

December 21 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian Roman emperor, emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors. *1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning ...

–

– The Royal Colony of North Carolina reorganizes into the

State of North Carolina North Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, South Carolina to the south, Georgia (U.S. stat ...

after adopting its own constitution. Richard Caswell becomes the first governor of the newly formed state. The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton December 26 1776

The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton December 26 1776

December 25 Events Pre-1600 * 36 – Forces of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han, under the command of Wu Han, conquer the separatist Chengjia empire, reuniting China. * 274 – A temple to Sol Invictus is dedicated in Rome by Emperor Aurelian. ...

–

– At 6 p.m. Gen. George Washington and his troops, numbering 2,400, march to McConkey's Ferry, cross the Delaware River, and land on the New Jersey bank by 3 a.m. the following morning. * December 26 –

– Battle of Trenton: Washington's troops surprise the 1,500 Hessian troops under the command of Col. Johann Rall at 8 a.m. outside Trenton and score a victory, taking 948 prisoners while suffering only five wounded.

Date unknown

* Adlan II becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar. * The first commercial examples of the

Watt steam engine The Watt steam engine design was an invention of James Watt that became synonymous with steam engines during the Industrial Revolution, and it was many years before significantly new designs began to replace the basic Watt design. The Newcomen ...

are sold.

Births

– James M. Broom, American politician (d.

1850 Events January–March * January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the United States Congress. * January 31 – The University of Rochester is founded in Rochester, New York. * January – Sacramento, Ca ...

) *

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Emp ...

– Jeremiah Chaplin, American Reformed Baptist theologian (d. 1841) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

– Thomas Morris, American politician (d.

1844 In the Philippines, 1844 had only 365 days, when Tuesday, December 31 was skipped as Monday, December 30 was immediately followed by Wednesday, January 1, 1845, the next day after. The change also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marian ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...

** Bernardino Drovetti, Italian diplomat (d. 1852) ** Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois, French Egyptologist (d. 1842) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...

** Ferdinand von Schill, German noble (d.

1809 Events January–March * January 5 – The Treaty of the Dardanelles, between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Ottoman Empire, is concluded. * January 10 – Peninsular War – French Marshal Jean ...

) ** Auguste Jean Ameil, French soldier (d.

1822 Events January–March * January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus. * January 3 – The famous French explorer, Aimé Bonpland, is imprisoned in Paraguay on charges of espionage. ...

) *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...

– Thomas Langlois Lefroy, Irish politician (d. 1869) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– Ludwig Rhesa, Prussian scholar (d.

1840 Events January–March * January 3 – One of the predecessor papers of the ''Herald Sun'' of Melbourne, Australia, ''The Port Phillip Herald'', is founded. * January 10 – Uniform Penny Post is introduced in the United Kingdom. * Janu ...

) *

– George Birkbeck, English doctor, academic and philanthropist (d. 1841) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Roman emperor, Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. *1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to set ...

– Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Roman-born British prince (d. 1834) *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1458 BC – Hatshepsut dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the Valley of the Kings. * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the R ...

** Matthew Brown, American college president (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – ** Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. **U.S. President-elect ...

) ** João Soares de Albergaria de Sousa, Portuguese politician (d. 1875) ** Richard Onslow, English archdeacon (d.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series (France), Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisc ...

) *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

''(bapt.)'' – Jane Porter, English novelist (d.

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded wh ...

** Poul Christian Holst, Norwegian politician (d.

1863 Events January * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing ...

) ** Elisha Haley, American politician (d.

1860 Events January * January 2 – The astronomer Urbain Le Verrier announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan (hypothetical planet), Vulcan at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 &ndas ...

) *

January 23 Events Pre-1600 * 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. * 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. * 1229 ...

– Howard Douglas, British Army general (d. 1861) *

** Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville, French aristocrat (d.

1857 Events January–March * January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, '' Postimees'', is established by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. * January 7 – The partly French-owned London General Omnibus Company begins operating. * Ja ...

) ** E. T. A. Hoffmann, German writer, composer and painter (d.

) ** Peter A. Jay, American politician (d.

1843 Events January–March * January 3 – The '' Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'' (海國圖志, ''Hǎiguó Túzhì'') compiled by Wei Yuan and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China. * J ...

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

– Joseph Görres, German writer and journalist (d. 1848) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

– William Bowie, American agrarian (d. 1826) *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

** Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, German biologist (d. 1837) ** Jan Gerard Kemmerling, Dutch mayor (d.

1818 Events January–March * January 1 ** Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Confederacy, Maratha Empire. ** English author Mary Shelley publishes the novel ''Frankenstein ...

)

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

– Ioannis Kapodistrias, Governor of Greece (d. 1831) * February 12 ** Richard Mant, Irish bishop (d. 1848) ** Mary Young Pickersgill, American maker of the Star Spangled Banner flag (d.

) * February 14 – Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, prolific German botanist (d. 1858) * February 15 – Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti (d.

) * February 16 – Abraham Raimbach, British engraver (d.

) *

** Ross Cuthbert (politician), Ross Cuthbert, Canadian politician (d. 1861) ** Georg zu Münster, German paleontologist (d.

) * February 18 – Karl August Ferdinand von Borcke, German general (d. 1830) * February 20 – Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca, Spanish colonial governor of Cuba (d. 1846) * February 21 – Joseph Barss, Canadian privateer, sea captain (d. 1824) * February 23 ** John Walter (editor, born 1776), John Walter, English newspaper editor (d. 1847) ** Heneage Horsley, Scottish priest (d. 1847) * February 25 – George William Tighe, English expatriate (d. 1837) * February 26 ** Innis Green, American congressman for Pennsylvania (d. 1839) ** John Paterson (missionary), John Paterson, Scottish missionary to Northern Europe (d. 1855) * February 28 – François Quirouet, Canadian politician (d.

) * March 1 ** John Collins (governor), John Collins, American manufacturer, politician (d.

) ** Elias Moore (d. 1847) * March 3 – James Parker (New Jersey politician), James Parker, American politician (d. 1868) *

– Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest, Russian army commander (d. 1814) * March 5 – Gerard Troost, American mineralogist (d.

) * March 6 – Luigi Lambruschini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1854) * March 7 – Timothy Ruggles (Nova Scotia politician), Timothy Ruggles, Canadian politician (d. 1831) * March 8 ** David Rogerson Williams, American politician (d. 1830) ** Samuel Tweedy, American politician (d. 1868) *

** Thomas Evans (British Army officer), Thomas Evans, British Army general (d.

) ** Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary, Archduke of Austria (d. 1847) * March 10 ** Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (d. 1810) ** Étienne Ranvoyzé, Canadian politician (d. 1826) * March 12 – Lady Hester Stanhope, English archaeologist (d. 1839) * March 15 – Aimé Picquet du Boisguy, French chouan general during the French Revolution (d. 1839) *

– Joel Abbot (politician), Joel Abbot, American politician (d. 1826) * March 19 – Philemon Beecher, American politician (d. 1839) * March 20 ** Joshua Bates (educator), Joshua Bates, American educator (d. 1854) ** Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, English politician (d. 1839) * March 21 – John Frederick Frelinghuysen, United States general (d. 1833) * March 23 ** Robert Eden Duncombe Shafto, English politician (d. 1848) ** Vicente Salias, Venezuelan doctor (d. 1814) * March 24 – Zusho Hirosato, Japanese samurai (d.

) * March 27 – Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel, French botanist, politician (d. 1854) * March 30 – Vasily Tropinin, Russian artist (d.

) * March 31 – Joseph Küffner, German musician, composer (d. 1856) * April 1 ** Pierre François Bellot, Swiss jurist (d. 1836) ** Sophie Germain, French mathematician (d. 1831) * April 3 ** François Blanchet (physician), François Blanchet, Canadian physician, politician (d. 1830) ** Mary Anne Clarke, English mistress of Prince Frederick (d. 1852) * April 6 – Jesse Bledsoe, American politician (d. 1836) * April 11 ** Macvey Napier, Scottish legal scholar, one of the editors of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (d. 1847) ** Jerome Inglott, Maltese philosopher (d. 1835) *

** Henry Hezekiah Cogswell, Canadian politician (d. 1854) ** Henry Hobhouse (archivist), Henry Hobhouse, English archivist (d. 1854) * April 13 – Wilhelm von Schütz, German author, playwright (d. 1847) * April 15 – John Anstruther-Thomson, Scottish nobleman, Colonel of the Royal Fifeshire Yeomanry Cavalry (d. 1833) * April 17 – Jean-François Roger, French poet, politician (d. 1842) * April 20 ** Augustin-Marie d'Aboville, French artillerist during the Revolution (d.

) ** William Weston Young, English Quaker businessman (d. 1847) * April 25 ** James Miller (general), James Miller, American politician (d. 1851) ** Edward Solly, English merchant, art collector (d.

) ** Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, member of the British Royal Family (d.

) *

** Hyacinthe Jadin, French composer (d. 1800) ** John Cunningham (Nova Scotia politician), John Cunningham, Canadian politician (d. 1847) * April 28 ** Charles Bennet, 5th Earl of Tankerville, English politician (d. 1859) ** Manuel Vieira de Albuquerque Touvar, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1833) *

– Johann Friedrich Herbart, German philosopher, psychologist (d. 1841) * May 5 – Valentine Efner, American politician (d. 1865) * May 6 ** Stephen Rumbold Lushington, English politician, administrator in Madras (d. 1868) ** Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky, Russian field marshal (d. 1852) ** Rensselaer Westerlo, American politician (d. 1851) * May 8 ** Edward Leveson-Gower, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

) ** Prince Bagrat of Georgia (d. 1841) * May 9 – Thomas Maguire (priest), Thomas Maguire, Canadian Catholic priest (d. 1854) * May 10 – George Thomas Smart, English musician (d. 1867) * May 12 – José de La Mar, military leader, President of Peru (d. 1830) * May 13 – Jett Thomas, American militia general (d. 1817) * May 17 – Amos Eaton, American botanist (d. 1842) * May 18 – Dennis Pennington, American politician (d. 1854) * May 20 ** Simon Fraser (explorer), Simon Fraser, Canadian explorer (d. 1862) ** Víctor Rosales, Mexican rebel (d. 1817) * May 29 – Peter Erasmus Müller, Danish historian, linguist and theologian (d. 1834) * May 31 – José Antonio de la Garza, American mayor (d. 1851) * June 1 ** George Schetky, American conductor (d. 1831) ** Giuseppe Zamboni, Italian Catholic priest, physicist (d. 1846) * June 4 – Isaac B. Van Houten, American politician (d.

) *

– William Reed (politician), William Reed, American politician (d. 1837) * June 8 – Thomas Rickman, English architect, architectural antiquary (d. 1841) * June 11 – John Constable, English landscape painter (d. 1837) * June 12 ** Karl Friedrich Burdach, German physiologist (d. 1847) ** José Manuel de Goyeneche, 1st Count of Guaqui, Spanish soldier, diplomat (d. 1846) ** Pierre Révoil, French painter (d. 1842) * June 19 – Francis Johnson (congressman), Francis Johnson, American politician (d. 1842) * June 21 ** Landgravine Josepha of Fürstenberg-Weitra, Princess of Liechtenstein (d. 1848) ** Charles Horsfall, English merchant, politician (d. 1846) ** William Wadd, English surgeon, medical author (d. 1829) * June 23 – Stephen Longfellow, American politician (d.

) *

– Charles Mathews, English actor (d. 1835) *

– George Okill Stuart (priest), George Okill Stuart, Canadian clergyman (d. 1862) * July 1 ** Samuel Thatcher, American politician (d. 1872) ** Sophie Gay, French author (d. 1852) * July 3 – Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton, Anglo-Irish politician (d. 1842) *

** Pär Aron Borg, Swedish sign language creator (d. 1839) ** Ethan Allen Brown, American politician (d. 1852) * July 5 ** Daniel Dobbins, captain in the United States Revenue Cutter Service (d. 1856) ** Bernard Smith (New Jersey politician), Bernard Smith, American politician (d. 1835) * July 10 – Samuel Powell (Tennessee politician), Samuel Powell, American politician (d. 1841) * July 11 – William Bradbery, English entrepreneur (d.

) * July 12 – John Christian (Deemster), John Christian, Manx judge (d. 1852) * July 13 – Caroline of Baden, Queen of Bavaria (d. 1841) * July 14 – Pierre Yrieix Daumesnil, French soldier (d. 1832) * July 16 ** Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician, naturalist (d. 1827) ** Johann Georg von Soldner, German physicist (d. 1833) * July 17 – John Neilson (Canadian politician), John Neilson, Canadian politician (d. 1848) * July 18 – John Struthers (poet), John Struthers, Scottish poet (d.

) * July 20 – Ignaz Schuppanzigh, Austrian musician (d. 1830) * July 22 ** Etheldred Benett, English geologist (d. 1845) ** Friedrich Hermann Otto, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (d. 1838) * July 26 – Pierre Fouquier, French physician, professor of medicine (d.

) * July 29 – James McSherry (Pennsylvania politician), James McSherry, American politician (d.

) * July 30 – Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet, British general (d.

) *

** Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, Governor General of British North America (1835-1837) (d.

) ** Jean Corbineau, French cavalry general (d. 1848) * August 2 ** Thomas Assheton Smith II, English cricketer (d. 1858) ** Friedrich Stromeyer, German chemist (d. 1835) * August 4 – Pierre-Simon Ballanche, French writer and counterrevolutionary philosopher (d. 1847) * August 5 ** Sophie d'Artois, French princess (d. 1783) ** John Willson, Canadian judge (d.

) * August 6 – William Crooks (Canadian politician), William Crooks, Canadian politician (d. 1836) * August 9 ** Jacob Munch, Norwegian painter, military officer (d. 1839) Avogadro Amedeo

** Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (d. 1856) * August 12 ** Thomas Millidge, Jr., New Brunswick businessman, political figure (d. 1838) ** David Erskine, 2nd Baron Erskine, British politician (d. 1855) * August 13 – Abraham Shepherd, American politician (d. 1847) * August 14 ** Prince Christian of Hesse (d. 1814) ** Christian Friedrich Tieck, German sculptor (d. 1851) * August 15 ** Ignaz von Seyfried, Austrian musician (d. 1841) ** Gottlieb Schick, German artist (d. 1812) * August 16 ** Amalia von Helvig, German and Swedish artist (d. 1831) ** Philipp Jakob Riotte, German composer (d. 1856) ** Monaldo Leopardi, Italian philosopher (d. 1847) ** Jean-Roch Coignet, French soldier (d. 1865) * August 18 ** Agustín Argüelles, Spanish liberal politician (d.

) ** Thomas Howard, 16th Earl of Suffolk, England (d. 1851) ** Sir Robert Newman, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1848) * August 21 ** Joseph Healy, American politician (d. 1861) ** Elizabeth Parke Custis Law, American matriarch (d. 1832) * August 22 – Carlo Amati, Italian architect (d. 1852) * August 23 ** Jens Peter Debes, Norwegian politician (d. 1832) ** Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Polish philosopher (d.

) * August 25 – Thomas Bladen Capel, British admiral (d.

) * August 26 ** Ferdynand Stokowski, Polish general (d. 1827) ** Henry A. Livingston, American politician (d.

) * August 27 – Barthold Georg Niebuhr, Danish-German statesman, historian (d. 1831) * August 29 – Georg Friedrich Treitschke, German librettist (d. 1842) * September 1 ** Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie, French general, politician (d. 1856) ** Ezekiel Bacon, American politician (d. 1870) * September 3 – Étienne Mayrand, Canadian politician (d. 1872) * September 4 – Stephen Whitney, American merchant (d.

) * September 5 – Augustus Simon Frazer, French-born British Army officer (d. 1835) * September 8 ** Amelia of Nassau-Weilburg, German noblewoman (d. 1841) ** Heinrich Meldahl, Norwegian builder (d.

) *

** Parmenio Adams, American politician (d. 1832) ** Calvin Pease, Ohio jurist, legislator (d. 1839) ** Philip Broke, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1841) * September 11 – Thomas Arbuthnot, British Army general (d.

) * September 15 ** William Baylies, American politician (d. 1865) ** Calvin Willey, American politician (d. 1858) * September 17 – Langdon Cheves, American politician (d.

) * September 18 – Thomas Gleadowe-Newcomen, 2nd Viscount Newcomen, English politician (d. 1825) * September 21 ** Karl Gustav Bonuvier, Swedish actor, theatre director (d. 1858) ** John Fitchett (poet), John Fitchett, English poet (d. 1838) * September 27 ** Peter Shaver, Canadian politician (d. 1866) ** Maria Versfelt, Dutch writer, actor (d. 1845) * October 1 – Augustus Warren Baldwin, Upper Canada naval officer, political figure (d. 1866) * October 3 – Thomas Walsh (Vicar Apostolic of the London District), Thomas Walsh, Vicar Apostolic of England and Wales (d.

) * October 4 ** Giovanni Battista Bellé, Italian Bishop of Mantova (d.

) ** Antonio Tosti, Italian cardinal-priest (d. 1866) ** Mariano Lagasca, Spanish botanist (d. 1839) * October 6 ** Hirata Atsutane, Japanese theologian of the Shintō religion (d.

) ** James Duff, 4th Earl Fife, Scottish-born Spanish general (d.

) ** James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe, English politician (d. 1845) * October 8 – Pieter van Os, Dutch painter, engraver (d. 1839) * October 12 – Jean-Michel Mahé, French Navy officer, captain (d. 1833) * October 13 ** Peter Barlow (mathematician), Peter Barlow, English mathematician (d. 1862) ** John Gibb (engineer), John Gibb, Scottish civil engineering contractor (d.

) * October 14 ** Samuel Rexford, New York politician (d.

) ** Robert Townsend Farquhar, British colonial administrator (d. 1830) *

– Cowles Mead, American politician (d.

) * October 20 – John Rolls of The Hendre, British judge (d. 1837) * October 21 – George Izard, United States general (d. 1828) * October 22 – Edward Draper, British military officer, civil servant in Mauritius (d. 1841) * October 25 – Patrick Neill (naturalist), Patrick Neill, Scottish printer, horticulturalist (d. 1851) * October 28 – Joachim Haspinger, Catholic priest, leader of the Tyrolese revolt against Napoleon (d. 1858) * October 30 ** George M. Bibb, American politician (d. 1859) ** John Hahn (politician), John Hahn, American politician (d. 1823) * October 31 – Francis Locke Jr., American politician (d. 1823) * November 1 – Abraham McClellan (Missouri politician), Abraham McClellan, American politician (d. 1851) * November 5 – Abraham Teerlink, Dutch painter (d.

) * November 7 ** Bartow White, American politician (d. 1862) ** James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline, British politician (d. 1858) * November 10 ** Samuel Gross (politician), Samuel Gross, American politician (d. 1839) ** Henry Seymour (Knoyle), British politician (d.

) ** General Washington Johnston, American politician (d. 1833) * November 11 – Philip E. Thomas, American banker, railroad executive (d. 1861) * November 14 – Henri Dutrochet, French physician (d. 1847) * November 15 ** Aaron Manby (ironmaster), Aaron Manby, English civil engineer, founder of the Horseley Ironworks (d.

) ** Pehr Henrik Ling, Swedish physical therapist (d. 1839) * November 17 ** Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, German historian (d. 1861) ** Robert Trimble, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1828) * November 20 ** William Blackwood, Scottish publisher (d. 1834) ** Maximilian Seyssel d'Aix, German general (d. 1855) * November 24 ** Jean-Joseph Marcel, French printer and engineer (d. 1854) ** Matthew John Tierney, Irish surgeon (d. 1845) * November 29 – Harcourt Lees, Irish clergyman, political pamphleteer (d. 1852) * November 30 ** Philippe André de Vilmorin, French horticulturist (d. 1862) ** Bartholomew Frere, English diplomat (d. 1851) * December 1 ** Elijah H. Mills, American politician (d. 1829) ** Isaac Lacey, American politician (d.

) * December 2 – Louis Alexis Baudoin, French naval officer (d. 1805) * December 3 ** Yashwantrao Holkar, Ruler of Holkar State (d. 1811) ** Nicolas Charles Seringe, French physician, botanist (d. 1858) * December 5 – Konrad Johann Martin Langenbeck, German surgeon (d. 1851) * December 6 – Theodorick Bland (judge), Theodorick Bland, United States federal judge (d. 1846) * December 7 – Reuben Whallon, American politician (d.

) * December 8 ** Theodore Dehon, second Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina (d. 1817) ** William Logan (Kentuckian), William Logan, American politician (d.

) * December 10 ** Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este, second wife of Charles Theodore (d. 1848) ** David Marchand, American politician (d. 1832) ** Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy, German banker, father of classical composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (d. 1835) * December 12 – Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, English lawyer, politician (d. 1846) * December 13 – James Hawkes (congressman), James Hawkes, American politician (d. 1865) * December 14 – Ingelbrecht Knudssøn, Norwegian politician (d. 1826) * December 16 ** Narciso Durán, Spanish Franciscan missionary to Mexico (d. 1846) Ritter-Johann-Wilhelm-1804

** Johann Wilhelm Ritter, German chemist (d. 1810) *

** Lord Edward Somerset, British Army general (d. 1842) ** Lars Roverud, Norwegian musician (d.

) ** Eusebio Bardají y Azara, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1842) * December 20 – José María del Castillo y Rada, President of Colombia (d. 1833) *

– John Slater (industrialist), John Slater, American businessman (d.

) * December 26 – Charles Hamilton Smith, British artist (d. 1859) * December 27 – Nikolay Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1811) * December 29 – Gustaf af Wetterstedt, Swedish politician (d. 1837) * December 30 – William Drayton, American politician (d. 1846) * December 31 – Johann Spurzheim, German physician (d. 1832)

Deaths

– James Gabriel Montresor, British military engineer (b. 1704) *

– James Frye, colonial soldier (b. 1709) * January 12 – Johann Philipp Murray, German historian interested in early Nordic studies and relations between England and Scandinavia (b. 1726) * January 14 – Edward Cornwallis, British military officer, first Governor of Nova Scotia (b. 1713) *

– Jacques de Romas, French physicist (b. 1713) * February 13 – Élisabeth Catherine Ballard (b. 1704) * February 18 – Lady Anne Monson, English botanist (b. 1726) *

– Johann Georg Ziesenis, German – Danish portrait painter (b. 1716) * March 5 – Pierre-Robert Le Cornier de Cideville, French magistrate and scholar (b. 1693) * March 7 – John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (b. 1737) * March 10 ** Élie Catherine Fréron, French critic (b. 1719) ** Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish merchant, philanthropist (b. 1701) * March 24 – John Harrison, English clockmaker (b. 1693) * March 26 – Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician), Samuel Ward, American politician (b. 1725) * March 29 – Johann Gotthelf Lindner, German university teacher and writer (b. 1729) * March 30 – Jonathan Belcher (jurist), Jonathan Belcher, British-American lawyer (b. 1710) * March 31 – Jane Randolph Jefferson, wife of Peter Jefferson and the mother of US president Thomas Jefferson (b. 1720) * April 7 – Charles-Pierre Colardeau, French poet (b. 1732) * April 19 – Jacob Emden, leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed Orthodox Judaism (b. 1697) * April 20 – Olivier de Vézin (b. 1707) * April 29 – Edward Wortley Montagu (traveller), Edward Wortley Montagu, English traveller and writer (b. 1713) *

– Jacques Saly, French sculptor (b. 1717) * May 6 – James Kent (composer), James Kent, English organist and composer (b. 1700) * May 7 – Duchess Maria Anna Josepha of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria by birth and Margravine of Baden-Baden by marriage (b. 1734) * May 23 – Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse, French salon holder (b. 1732) * May 25 – Richard FitzWilliam, 6th Viscount FitzWilliam (b. 1711) * May 30 – Albert Frick (theologian), Albert Frick, German theologian (b. 1714) * June 2 – Continental Army General John Thomas (American general), John Thomas, from smallpox (b. 1724) * June 10 ** Hsinbyushin (b. 1736) ** Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (b. 1722) * June 13 – Elizabeth Scott (hymnwriter), Elizabeth Scott, British-American poet and Christian hymnwriter (b. 1708) * June 20 – Benjamin Huntsman, English inventor, manufacturer (b. 1704) * July 7 – Jeremiah Markland, English classical scholar (b. 1693) * July 10 – Richard Peters (priest), Richard Peters, English-born American clergyman (b. 1704) * July 15 – Richard Bampfylde, British politician (b. 1722) * July 16 – Countess Palatine Francisca Christina of Sulzbach, Princess-abbess of Essen Abbey and Thorn Abbey (b. 1696) * July 21 – Benedicta Margareta von Löwendal, German industrialist (b. 1683) *

** Edward Bentham, Oxford based theologian who in 1763 (b. 1707) ** Francis Salvador, American patriot (b. 1747) * August 2 – Louis François, Prince of Conti, French military leader (b. 1717) * August 14 – Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart (b. 1721) * August 25 –

, Scottish philosopher (b. 1711) * August 27 – William Stark (loyalist), William Stark, Revolutionary War era officer (b. 1724) * August 29 – Joseph Arnold (Rhode Island farmer), Joseph Arnold, pre-revolutionary resident of North Kingstown and Exeter (b. 1710) * September 1 – Angelica Le Gru Perotti, Italian woman painter of the Rococo (b. 1719) * September 6 – Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII, twentieth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1770 to 1776 (b. 1759) * September 22 – Nathan Hale, American Revolutionary War captain, writer and patriot (executed) (b. 1755) *

– Charles Cadogan, 2nd Baron Cadogan, Anglo-Irish peer (b. 1685) * September 28 – Cadwallader Colden, physician (b. 1688) * October 3 – Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III), Ayşe Sultan, Ottoman princess (b. 1713) * October 10 – Karl Gotthelf von Hund, German Freemason (b. 1722) * October 15 – John Ellis (naturalist), John Ellis, naturalist (b. 1710) * October 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (b. 1681) * October 28 – Princess Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Princess of Saxe-Hildburghausen by birth (b. 1760) * October 30 – Simón de Anda y Salazar, Spanish Basque governor of the Philippines from July (b. 1709) * November 15 – Fernando de Silva, 12th Duke of Alba, Spanish duke (b. 1714) * November 17 – James Ferguson (Scottish astronomer), James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (b. 1710) * November 23 – Théophile de Bordeu, French physician (b. 1722) * December 5 – Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland (1716–1776), Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, British duchess; Lady of the Bedchamber (b. 1716) * December 10 – Robert Hay Drummond, Archbishop of York (b. 1711) * December 13 – Victor-Thérèse Charpentier (b. 1732) *

– John Gabriel Jones, colonial American pioneer and politician (b. 1752) * ''date unknown'' – Muhammad al-Warghi, Tunisian writer and poet (b. c. 1713)

Events

January–February

March–April

May–June

July–August

September–October

November–December

Date unknown

Births

Deaths

References

Further reading