Events

January–March

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

–

Longvek Longvek or Lavek (, or , ; ) was a city in Cambodia. It was the second capital city during the Cambodia's Post-Angkor period which began after the Angkor era. The city was known to early European traders as "Cambodia". The city used to serve as ...

, the capital of the

Kingdom of Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline along the Gulf of Thail ...

, is conquered by the army of the

Ayutthaya Kingdom The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai people, Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city), Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. Europe ...

(now Thailand), commanded by

King Naresuan Naresuan (1555/1556 – 25 April 1605), commonly known as Naresuan the Great, or Sanphet II was the 18th Monarchy of Thailand, king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and 2nd monarch of the List of monarchs of Thailand#Sukhothai dynasty (1569–1629), S ...

, after more than two years of war. King

Chey Chettha I Chey Chettha I (, ; 1575–1595) was a king of Cambodia who ruled from 1584 to 1595. History Chey Chettha was the second son of Satha I. He was appointed as heir apparent when he was eleven. He was crowned by his father in 1584. In 1594, Cam ...

of Cambodia is able to flee to

Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...

, along with the former King

Satha I Satha I (also spelled Sattha; ; 1539–1596), also known as Barom Reachea IV, was the Cambodian king ruled from 1576 to 1584. He was the eldest son of Barom Reachea III. History During his reign, Blas Ruiz and Diogo Veloso came to Cambodia ...

, but the rest of the royal family is taken hostage, along with Prince

Srei Soriyopear Borom Reachea IV or Srei Soriyoapor (), ឬ () (Siam-call: Srei Soriyopear) was the Cambodian king ruled from 1602 to 1618. After the official coronation ceremony in Lavea Em in 2147 BE, 1603 AD, Maha Sakarach 1526, His full name was called "Prea ...

. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

– Construction of the

Junagarh Fort Junagarh Fort is a fort in the city of Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The fort was originally called Chintamani and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to Lalgarh Palace outside the fort limits ...

in the Mughal Empire's principality of Bikaner (now in India's

Rajasthan Rajasthan (; Literal translation, lit. 'Land of Kings') is a States and union territories of India, state in northwestern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the List of states and union territories of ...

state) is completed after almost five years. *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

– William Shakespeare's play ''

Titus Andronicus ''The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus'', often shortened to ''Titus Andronicus'', is a Shakespearean tragedy, tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1588 and 1593. It is thought to be Shakespeare's first t ...

'', is given its first performance, presented by the

Admiral's Men The Admiral's Men (also called the Admiral's company, more strictly, the Earl of Nottingham's Men; after 1603, Prince Henry's Men; after 1612, the Elector Palatine's Men or the Palsgrave's Men) was a playing company or troupe of actors in the Eli ...

company of players at '' The Rose'' in London. *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

– The siege of Enniskillen Castle in Ireland (at

County Fermanagh County Fermanagh ( ; ) is one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland, one of the nine counties of Ulster and one of six counties of Northern Ireland. The county covers an area of and had a population of 63,585 as of 2021. Enniskillen is the ...

) is started by English commander John Dowdall, but is abandoned after one month. *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...

– England's Admiral

Richard Hawkins Admiral Sir Richard Hawkins (or Hawkyns) (c. 1562 – 17 April 1622) was a 17th-century English seaman, explorer and privateer. He was the son of Admiral Sir John Hawkins. Biography He was from his earlier days familiar with ships and the ...

and the crew of the ship HMS ''Dainty'' become the first Europeans to see the

Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; ), commonly referred to as The Falklands, is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and from Cape Dub ...

. *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats Roman usurper, usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the w ...

– The coronation of

Sigismund III Vasa Sigismund III Vasa (, ; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 and, as Sigismund, King of Sweden from 1592 to 1599. He was the first Polish sovereign from the House of Vasa. Re ...

King of Sweden The monarchy of Sweden is centred on the monarchical head of state of Sweden,See the #IOG, Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5. by law a constitutional monarchy, constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.Parl ...

takes place at

Uppsala Uppsala ( ; ; archaically spelled ''Upsala'') is the capital of Uppsala County and the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019. Loc ...

. *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...

– The coronation of Henry IV as King of France takes place at

Chartres Cathedral Chartres Cathedral (, lit. Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres) is a Catholic cathedral in Chartres, France, about southwest of Paris, and is the seat of the List of bishops of Chartres, Bishop of Chartres. Dedicated in honour of the Virgin Mary ( ...

. *

March 18 Events Pre-1600 * 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10. * 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ar ...

– Two warships of the English Navy, commanded by Captain James Langton, complete a three-day raid on the Spanish city of

Puerto de Caballos Puerto, a Spanish word meaning ''seaport'', may refer to: Places *El Puerto de Santa María, Andalusia, Spain *Puerto, a seaport town in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines *Puerto Colombia, Colombia *Puerto Cumarebo, Venezuela *Puerto Galera, Oriental Mi ...

(now Puerto Cortés in

Guatemala Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador. It is hydrologically b ...

) and pillage the city.

April–June

April 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. * 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of H ...

–

Hyacinth of Poland Hyacinth ( or ''Jacek Odrowąż''; – 15 August 1257) was a Polish Dominican Order, Dominican priest and missionary who worked to reform the women's monasteries in his native Poland. Educated in Paris and Bologna, he was a Doctor of Sacred ...

is canonized by

Pope Clement VIII Pope Clement VIII (; ; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 January 1592 to his death in March 1605. Born in Fano, Papal States to a prominen ...

. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''Secular Games, ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Franks, Frankish general Flavius Bau ...

– After suppressing the Serbian

uprising in Banat The Uprising in Banat was a rebellion organized and led by Serbian Orthodox bishop Teodor of Vršac and Sava Temišvarac against the Ottomans in the Eyalet of Temeşvar. The uprising broke out in 1594, in the initial stage of the Long Turkish ...

, the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

rulers carry out the public burning of the bones of

Saint Sava Saint Sava (, ; Old Church Slavonic: ; Glagolitic: ; ; 1169 or 1174 – 14 January 1235/6), known as the Enlightener or the Illuminator, was a Serbs, Serbian prince and Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox monk, abbot of Studenica Monastery, Studeni ...

Belgrade Belgrade is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin, Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. T ...

. *

May 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. * 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...

– The siege of the Spanish-held city of Coevorden ends after six months as the city surrenders to the Dutch Republic. *

May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France Robert II ( 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious () or the Wise (), was List of French monarchs, King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Juni ...

– After almost two years of being closed because of

bubonic plague Bubonic plague is one of three types of Plague (disease), plague caused by the Bacteria, bacterium ''Yersinia pestis''. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and ...

, theaters in England are allowed to reopen, as the

stage a performance of ''

The Jew of Malta ''The Jew of Malta'' (full title: ''The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta'') is a play by Christopher Marlowe, written in 1589 or 1590. The plot primarily revolves around a Maltese Jewish merchant named Barabas. The original story combi ...

''. *

May 19 Events Pre-1600 * 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace. * 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected. * 934 – The Byzantine Empire reconquers Melitene under ...

– The Siege of Groningen by the

Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands ...

begins with an attack of 10,000 soldiers against the Spanish-held city. The Spanish commander surrenders after two months on July 22. *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 * 830 – Theodora is crowned Byzantine empress and marries then emperor Theophilos in the Hagia Sophia. She is credited with restoring orthodoxy and the icons. * 1086 – Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Sh ...

–

Willem Barents Willem Barentsz (; – 20 June 1597), anglicized as William Barents or Barentz, was a Dutch navigator, cartographer, and Arctic explorer. Barentsz went on three expeditions to the far north in search for a Northeast passage. He reached as far ...

makes his first voyage to the Arctic Ocean, in search of the

Northeast Passage The Northeast Passage (abbreviated as NEP; , ) is the Arctic shipping routes, shipping route between the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, Pacific Oceans, along the Arctic coasts of Norway and Russia. The western route through the islan ...

. *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty ( 171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

–

Philip II of Spain Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as Philip the Prudent (), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and List of Sicilian monarchs, Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He ...

recognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paves the way for the stabilization of the rule of the

Principalía The ''principalía'' or Nobility, noble class was the ruling and usually educated upper class in the ''Municipality, pueblos'' of History of the Philippines (1521–1898), Spanish Philippines, comprising the ''gobernadorcillo'' (later called t ...

. *

June 23 Events Pre-1600 * 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu. * 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships. * 1280 – The Spanish ...

– A cargo ship explosion kills over 700 people the day after three English Navy ships— the ''Mayflower'', ''Sampson'' and ''Royal Exchange''— set fire to the Portuguese

carrack A carrack (; ; ) is a three- or four- masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th to 15th centuries in Europe, most notably in Portugal and Spain. Evolving from the single-masted cog, the carrack was first used for Europea ...

'' Cinco Chagas'' off of the coast of

Faial Island Faial Island (), also known as Fayal Island, is a Portugal, Portuguese island of the Central Group or ''Grupo Central'' of the Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean. The Capelinhos volcano is the westernmost point of the island and is considered the we ...

during the Anglo-Spanish War. The treasure inside, gathered from the

East Indies The East Indies (or simply the Indies) is a term used in historical narratives of the Age of Discovery. The ''Indies'' broadly referred to various lands in Eastern world, the East or the Eastern Hemisphere, particularly the islands and mainl ...

, sinks in the north Atlantic Ocean. Only 13 people on the ''Cinco Chagas'' survive, and the cargo is lost.

July–September

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and ...

– Anglo-Spanish War:

Action of Atacames Bay The action of San Mateo Bay or action of Atacames Bay was a naval engagement which took place from 29 June to 1 July 1594 between the galleon ''Dainty'' under the command of English privateer Richard Hawkins and a Spanish squadron of three gall ...

– English

privateer A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in commerce raiding under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign o ...

in the ''Dainty'' is attacked and captured by a Spanish squadron off Esmeraldas (now in

Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...

). *

July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revol ...

– The Ayutthayan–Cambodian War (1591–1594) concludes when

Naresuan Naresuan (1555/1556 – 25 April 1605), commonly known as Naresuan the Great, or Sanphet II was the 18th Monarchy of Thailand, king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and 2nd monarch of the List of monarchs of Thailand#Sukhothai dynasty (1569–1629), S ...

, ruler of the

, sacks

, capital of

Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...

. *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of ...

– After a two-month siege, the city of

Groningen Groningen ( , ; ; or ) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen (province), Groningen province in the Netherlands. Dubbed the "capital of the north", Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of ...

submits to Dutch troops, bringing the whole northern Netherlands under the

. *

August 25 Events Pre-1600 * 766 – Emperor Constantine V humiliates nineteen high-ranking officials, after discovering a plot against him. He executes the leaders, Constantine Podopagouros and his brother Strategios. * 1248 – The Dutch cit ...

– San Luis, in the

Viceroyalty of Peru The Viceroyalty of Peru (), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru (), was a Monarchy of Spain, Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in ...

(now in

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

), is founded by Luis Jufré de Loaysa y Meneses. *

August 28 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna. * 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...

–

Farkas Kovacsóczy Farkas Kovacsóczy de Körtvélyfa (c. 1540 – 11 September 1594)Markó 2006, p. 113. was a Hungarian noble in the Principality of Transylvania, who served as Chancellor of Transylvania from Summer 1578 to 28 August 1594. His son, Istvá ...

, who has served as

Chancellor of Transylvania The following is the list of chancellors of Transylvania during the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) and the (Grand) Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867). List of chancellors Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Principali ...

for 16 years, is arrested on orders of Prince

Sigismund Báthory Sigismund Báthory (; 1573 – 27 March 1613) was Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and Duchy of Racibórz, Duke of Racibórz and Duchy of Opole, Opole in Silesia in 1598. His father, Christopher Báthory, ruled Transy ...

, and

István Jósika Baron István Jósika de Branyicska, also Ștefan Jósika or Ștefan Iojică (? – 11 September 1598)Markó 2006, p. 110. was a Hungarian nobility, Hungarian noble in the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Principality of Transylvan ...

is appointed in his place. Kovacsóczy is imprisoned at

Szamosújvár Gherla (; ; ) is a municipiu, municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 19,873 as of 2021. Three villages are administered by ...

(now Gherla in Romania) and executed by strangulation on September 11. *

August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1060 – The Mirdasids defeat the Fatimid Caliphate at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, signalling the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimi ...

– Diplomats meet at

Stirling Castle Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest and most historically and architecturally important castles in Scotland. The castle sits atop an Intrusive rock, intrusive Crag and tail, crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill ge ...

for the

Masque at the baptism of Prince Henry A masque was held at the baptism of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, Prince Henry on 30 August 1594 at Stirling Castle. It was written by the Scottish poet William Fowler (makar), William Fowler and Patrick Leslie, 1st Lord Lindores. Prince He ...

, heir to the throne of Scotland. *

September 6 Events Pre-1600 * 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later. *1492 – Christopher Co ...

– In France,

Morlaix Morlaix (; , ) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. History The Battle of Morlaix, part of the Hundred Years' War, was fought near the town on 30 Septembe ...

, a walled city in Brittany controlled by the Spanish Army and the '' Ligue catholique'', is besieged by the French Royal Army led by Marshal

Jean VI d'Aumont Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

. The French Army is supplemented by 2,000 troops commanded by

John Norreys John Norreys may refer to: *Sir John Norris (soldier) or Norreys (c. 1547–1597), the son of Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys, a lifelong friend of Queen Elizabeth *Sir John Norreys (Keeper of the Wardrobe) for Henry VI of England (c. 1400–1466) * ...

. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". *1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine E ...

– A fleet of six ships, commanded by the

Martin Frobisher Sir Martin Frobisher (; – 22 November 1594) was an English sailor and privateer who made three voyages to the New World looking for the North-west Passage. He probably sighted Resolution Island near Labrador in north-eastern Canada, before ...

, arrives at Morlaix and prepares to bombard the city, under siege by the French Army. The Spanish Army commander of the Morlaix garrison surrenders, rather than facing the city's destruction.

October–December

October 1 Events Pre-1600 * 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. * 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated. * 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to E ...

– The

siege of Fort Crozon The siege of Fort Crozon or the siege of El Leon was a land and sea engagement that took place as part of Spain's Brittany campaign late in the French wars of religion and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).Fissel pp 229-30 The siege was fough ...

begins as an English and French army attacks the Spanish held fortress at the

Pointe des Espagnols The Pointe des Espagnols () is the north-east extremity of the Roscanvel peninsula, an outgrowth of the Crozon peninsula closing off the roadstead of Brest. It also marks the south-east limit of the goulet de Brest (the other limits are marked b ...

in France. *

October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius ...

– The

Battle of Glenlivet The Battle of Glenlivet was a Scottish clan battle fought on 3 October 1594 near Glenlivet, Moray, Scotland. It was fought between Protestant forces loyal to King James VI of Scotland who were commanded by Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Arg ...

is fought in

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

between the Protestant forces loyal to

King James VI James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until ...

, assisted by the armies of 8 clans and led by the

Earl of Argyll Earl () is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. In modern Britain, an earl is a member of the peerage, ranking below a marquess and above a viscount. A feminine form of ''earl'' never developed; instead, ''countess'' is used. The titl ...

, against Roman Catholic rebels supported by

Clan Gordon Clan Gordon is a Scottish Highlands, Highland Scottish clan, historically one of the most powerful Scottish clans. The Gordon lands once spanned a large territory across the Highlands. Presently, Gordon is seated at Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire ...

(led by the Earl of Huntley),

Clan Hay Clan Hay (Scottish Gaelic: ''Garadh or MacGaradh'') is a Scottish clan of the Grampian, Grampian region of Scotland that has played an important part in the history and politics of the country. Members of the clan are to be found in most parts ...

(led by the Earl of Errol),

Clan Comyn Clan Cumming ( ), historically known as Clan Comyn, is a Scottish clan from the central Highlands that played a major role in the history of 13th-century Scotland and in the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Clan Comyn was once the most powerfu ...

and

Clan Cameron Clan Cameron is a West Scottish Highlands, Highland Scottish clan, with one main branch Lochiel, and numerous cadet branches. The Clan Cameron lands are in Lochaber, and within their lands lies Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in the British Isl ...

. Despite being outnumbered 5 to 1, the Catholic clans win the battle, killing 500 of the Protestant forces. *

October 9 Events Pre-1600 * 768 – Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned kings of the Franks. * 1238 – James I of Aragon founds the Kingdom of Valencia. * 1410 – The first known mention of the Prague astronomical clock. * 1446 &ndash ...

– The

Campaign of Danture The Danture campaign comprised a series of encounters between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Kandy in 1594, part of the Sinhalese–Portuguese War. It is considered a turning point in the indigenous resistance to Portuguese expansion. For ...

, which began on July 5 as part of the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, concludes with a decisive victory by forces of the

Kingdom of Kandy The Kingdom of Kandy was a monarchy on the Sri Lanka, island of Sri Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century. Initially a client kingdom ...

over the

Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire was a colonial empire that existed between 1415 and 1999. In conjunction with the Spanish Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery. It achieved a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, Africa ...

, reversing near-total control of Sri Lanka by Portugal. Pedro Lopes de Sousa, the Governor of Portuguese Ceylon, is killed in the battle and replaced on December 24 by Jerónimo de Azevedo. * November 13 – After the Principality of Wallachia (now in Romania) joins other Eastern European nations in a Holy League, a rebellion breaks out in Bucharest as Christian residents massacre the soldiers of the Ottoman Muslim garrison, entering Wallachia into the ongoing Long Turkish War, Thirteen Years' War. * November 18 – The Spanish fortress at Château de Brest in France falls after a siege of five months. * November 19 – The

by English and French soldiers ends with a massacre of all but 13 of the nearly 400 Spaniards living there, including women and children. * December 2 – The proposal for the Union of Brest (moving the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441–1596), Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Roman Catholic Church) is made in a petition by the Metropolitan Michael Rohoza in a petition to Sigismund III Vasa, Sigismund, monarch of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland."Union of Brest", by Charles Herbermann, in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (Robert Appleton Company, 1913) After a similar petition to Pope Clement VIII on June 12, 1595, the Union will be proclaimed on October 8, 1596. * December 15 – Udai Singh of Marwar, King Udai Singh of Kingdom of Marwar, Marwar (now the

and Punjab, India, Punjab states of India and the Punjab (province), Punjab province of Pakistan) returns to Lahore after having captured the Siwana fort. * December 27 – French university student Jean Châtel attempts to assassinate King of France, King Henry IV of France after gaining entrance into the King's office. Châtel attacks the monarch with a knife and causes a minor injury. After the court jester, Mathurine de Vallois intervenes, she detains Châtel until the King's bodyguard can carry out the arrest. Two days later, is executed by dismemberment. The Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Collège de Clermont, the Jesuit institution where Châtel was a student, is closed and the order of the Jesuits is temporarily banned. * December 28 – The earliest known performance of William Shakespeare's play ''The Comedy of Errors'' takes place at Gray's Inn in London, and is played by the Lord Chamberlain's Men acting company. The production is held before members of the English court on Innocents' Day as part of the Gray's Inn Christmas festivities.

Date unknown

* St. Paul's College, Macau, St. Paul's College is founded in Macau by Jesuits, being the first western style university in the far east. * In Amsterdam, the Compagnie van Verre is created, with the goal of breaking the Portuguese monopoly on spice trade. * Tulip bulbs planted by Carolus Clusius in the Hortus Botanicus Leiden, Holland, flower for the first time. * The city of Pompeii is rediscovered more than 1,500 years after its burial by Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Births

January–June

* January 1 – Barthélemy Vimont, French missionary (d. 1667) * January 7 – Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Italian duke and Catholic cardinal (d. 1627) * January 12 – Gregers Krabbe, Governor-general of Norway (d. 1655) * January 16 – Maeda Toshitsune, Japanese warlord (d. 1658) *

– Pierre de Marca, French bishop and historian (d. 1662) *

– Philip Powell (martyr), Philip Powell, Welsh martyr (d. 1646) * February 5 – Biagio Marini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1663) * February 16 – Juliana Morell, Spanish-French scholar (d. 1653) *

– Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, elder son of King James I & VI and Anne of Denmark (d. 1612) * February 21 – John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German duke (d. 1626) * February 26 – William Wadsworth (patriarch), William Wadsworth, American colonial (d. 1675) * March 25 – Maria Tesselschade Visscher, Dutch poet and engraver (d. 1649) * April 21 – Bernardino Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1661) * April 29 – Samuel Fairclough, English minister (d. 1677) * May 1 – John Haynes (governor), John Haynes, governor of Connecticut (d. 1653) * May 9 – Louis Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg, military leader in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1662) * May 15 – Sophie of Solms-Laubach, wife of Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1651) * May 29 – Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1632) * June 3 – César, Duke of Vendôme, French nobleman (d. 1665) *

– Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass, English nobleman (d. 1653) *

– Thomas Tyrrell, English judge and politician (d. 1672) * June – Nicolas Poussin, French painter (d. 1665)

July–December

Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle at Breitenfeld

* July 6 – Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1622–1659) (d. 1659) * July 10 – Bartolomeo Gennari, Italian painter (d. 1661) * July 14 – Beat Albrecht von Ramstein, German Catholic bishop (d. 1651) * August 4 – Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, Polish noble (d. 1654) * August 5 – Stefano Durazzo, Italian cardinal (d. 1667) * August 16 – Queen Inyeol, Korean royal consort (d. 1636) * September 13 – Francesco Manelli, Italian composer (d. 1667) * September 30 – Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, French poet (d. 1661) * October 4 – Johan Schatter, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1673) * October 27 – Johann Rudolf Wettstein, Swiss diplomat (d. 1666) * November 15 – Jean Puget de la Serre, French author and dramatist (d. 1665) * November 24 – Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent (d. 1651) * November 26 – James Ware (historian), James Ware, Irish genealogist (d. 1666) * November 30 – John Cosin, English churchman (d. 1672) * December 7 – Frederik Coning, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1636) * December 8 – Pierre Petit (engineer), Pierre Petit, French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (d. 1677) * December 9 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Swedish king and general (d. 1632) * December 21 – Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton, English politician (d. 1668) * December 24 – Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (d. 1617) * December 27 – Ove Gjedde, Danish admiral, member of the interim government after the death of Christian IV (d. 1660)

Date unknown

* John Bramhall, English Anglican clergyman and controversialist (d. 1663) * Peter Oliver (painter), Peter Oliver, English miniaturist (d. 1648) * Tomasz Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1638)

Probable

* Tarquinio Merula, Italian composer (d. 1665)

Deaths

* February – Barnabe Googe, English poet (b. 1540) *

– Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (b. 1525) * February 8 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim, Duchess of Saxony (b. 1540) * April 16 – Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (b. 1559), second in line to the throne of Kingdom of England, England * April 29 – Thomas Cooper (bishop), Thomas Cooper, English bishop, lexicographer, and writer (b. c. 1517) * May 2 – Edward Atslowe, English physician * May 15 – Charlotte de La Marck, French duchess (b. 1574) * May 30 – Bálint Balassi, Hungarian writer and noble (b. 1554) * May 31 ** Tintoretto, Italian painter (b. 1518) ** Francesco Panigarola, Italian bishop (b. 1548) * June 3 – John Aylmer (bishop), John Aylmer, English divine (b. 1521) * June 7 – Rodrigo López (physician), Rodrigo Lopez, Queen Elizabeth's physician (executed for treason) (b. 1525) * June 14 – Orlande de Lassus, Flemish composer (b. 1532) * June 29 – Niels Kaas, Danish chancellor (b. 1535) * July – Girolamo Mei, Italian historian and humanist (b. 1519) * July 10 – Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer and organist (b. 1554) * August 5 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (b. 1534) * October 8 – Ishikawa Goemon, Japanese ninja and thief (b. 1558) * October 16 – William Allen (cardinal), William Allen, English cardinal (b. 1532) * November 15 – Sir

, British explorer (b. 1535) * November 20 – Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela, General Inquisitor of Spain (b. 1512) * November 29 – Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, Basque soldier and poet (b. 1533) * December 2 – Gerardus Mercator, Flemish-German cartographer (b. 1512) * December 16 – Allison Balfour, alleged Scottish witch * ''date unknown'' ** John Johnson (composer), John Johnson, English lutenist and composer (b. c. 1545) ** Thomas Kyd, author of ''The Spanish Tragedy'' (b. 1558)

References

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