1554 In England

Events from the 1550s in England. This decade marks the beginning of the Elizabethan era.

Incumbents

* Monarch – Edward VI (until 6 July 1553), Jane (disputed, 6 July to 19 July 1553), Mary I (starting 19 July 1553, until 17 November 1558) and Philip (starting 25 July 1554, until 17 November 1558), then Elizabeth I
* Regent – John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (starting 2 February 1550, until 19 July 1553)

Events

* 1550
** 1 February – Parliament's Putting away of Books and Images Act 1549 receives royal assent, encouraging iconoclasm.
** 24 March – England and France sign the Treaty of Boulogne; England withdraws from Boulogne in France and returns territorial gains in Scotland.
** The value of the angel is raised from eight to ten shillings.
** 29 March – Sherborne School in Dorset is refounded by King Edward VI.
** 24 July – French Protestant Church of London established by royal charter.
* 1551
** By July – fifth and last outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
** 11 October – John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, ''de facto'' Lord Protector of England, is created Duke of Northumberland.
** St Thomas' Hospital is re-established on its former site in Southwark by the Corporation of London, taken as the founding date for St Thomas's Hospital Medical School.
** Silver sixpence and crown first minted.
* 1552
** January – Act of Uniformity imposes the Second Book of Common Prayer (with effect from March). Parish priests are to give instruction in the catechism every Sunday afternoon.
** 22 January – execution of the former Lord Protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset for treason.
** 24 February – the privileges of the Hanseatic League are abolished in England.
** 15 April – Ale Houses Act 1551 receives royal assent, providing for licensing of taverns for the first time.
** 24 September – the Debatable Lands on the border of England and Scotland are divided between the two kingdoms by a commission creating the Scots' Dike in an unsuccessful attempt to halt lawlessness here, but giving both countries their modern borders.
** King Edward VI founds 35 grammar schools, including Shrewsbury; Leeds Grammar School is also established.
* 1553
** 25 May – Lady Jane Grey is married to Lord Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, in an elaborate ceremony at Durham House, London, in which her two sisters are also married. The bride and groom are both aged around 15 or 16.
** 16 June – King Edward founds Christ's Hospital for London orphans.
** 21 June – King Edward, having no male heir or brother, nominates Lady Jane Grey as his successor (without her knowledge).
** 6 July – King Edward VI dies aged 15, probably of tuberculosis, at the Palace of Placentia (Greenwich).
** 7 July – Northumberland secures the Tower of London and other strategic locations against Mary.
** 9 July – Lady Jane Grey is summoned by Northumberland to Sion House and informed for the first time that she is to be queen. On the same day, Mary writes from Kenninghall requiring the Privy Council to proclaim herself as queen.
** 10 July – Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England by the Privy Council and the proclamation is set into print and sent around the country. She refuses to make her husband king and would be the country's first queen regnant.
** 12 July – Mary arrives at Framlingham Castle where she gathers armed supporters.
** c. 13 July – troops headed by Northumberland march from London to resist Mary, reaching Cambridge probably on 15 July.
** 15 July – the naval fleet intended to blockade Mary's access to the East Anglian coast largely transfers its loyalty to her and she has the use of its ordnance.
** 19 July – the Privy Council and Thomas White, Lord Mayor of London, proclaim the Catholic Queen Mary as the rightful Queen. Lady Jane Grey is imprisoned within the Tower after using the title of queen for nine days.
** 30 July – Mary is greeted at Wanstead on the approach to London by her half-sister Elizabeth, who has ridden out from her new London residence, Somerset House.
** 3 August – Mary rides triumphantly into London to claim the throne, accompanied by Elizabeth.
** 8 August – funeral of Edward VI at Westminster Abbey.
** 22 August – the Duke of Northumberland, who has promoted Lady Jane Grey's claim to the throne, is beheaded on Tower Hill.
** August – Richard Chancellor enters the White Sea and reaches Archangel, going on to the court of Ivan IV of Russia, opening up trade between England and Russia.
** September – Protestant bishops in England are arrested and Roman Catholic bishops are restored.
** 1 October – Coronation of Mary I of England at Westminster Abbey.
** Approximate date – ''Ralph Roister Doister'', the first known comedy in the English language, is written by London schoolmaster Nicholas Udall for his pupils to perform. ''Gammer Gurton's Needle'' by "Mr. S." follows.
* 1554
** 25 January – Wyatt's rebellion: Sir Thomas Wyatt leads a rebellion against Queen Mary's proposed marriage to Prince Philip of Spain.
** 9 February – Wyatt's rebellion collapses and he surrenders in London.
** 12 February – after claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason as is her husband – he publicly on Tower Hill and she privately within the Tower of London, where she has remained since the proclamation.
** 17 March – Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London, suspected of involvement in Wyatt's rebellion.
** 21 May – a royal charter is granted to Derby School.
** 25 July – the wedding of Queen Mary and Prince Philip of Spain, the only son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and her cousin, at Winchester Cathedral under the terms of the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain, which effectively makes them joint monarchs.
** November – English captain John Lok voyages to Guinea.
** 30 November – England formally rejoins the Roman Catholic Church.
** c. December – Revival of the Heresy Acts: Parliament revives laws against heresy.
** Foundation of Queen Mary's Grammar School, Walsall, and The Free Grammar School of King Philip and Queen Mary, Clitheroe.
* 1555
** 4 February – John Rogers suffers death by burning at the stake at Smithfield, London, the first of the Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation under Mary I.
** 8 February – Laurence Saunders is the second of the Marian Protestant martyrs, being led barefoot to his death by burning at the stake in Coventry.
** 9 February – Rowland Taylor, Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, and John Hooper, deposed Bishop of Gloucester, are burned at the stake.
** 26 February – The Muscovy Company is chartered to trade with the Tsardom of Russia and Richard Chancellor negotiates with the Tsar.
** 1 May – the foundation of St John's College, Oxford.
** 30 May – the foundation of Trinity College, Oxford.
** 12 July – the first four Canterbury Martyrs are burned at the stake.
** 16 October – two of the Oxford Martyrs, Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, are burned at the stake.
** English captain John Lok returns from Guinea with 5 Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages.
** Establishment of the following grammar schools: Boston Grammar School, Gresham's School at Holt, Norfolk (founded by Sir John Gresham) and Ripon Grammar School (re-foundation).
** Richard Eden translates ''The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India'', urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring the New World.
* 1556
** January – Soldier Sir Henry Dudley, from France, plots to raise an invasion force which is planned to land on the Isle of Wight, march on London, remove Queen Mary to exile in Spain and place the Protestant Elizabeth on the throne. By July, the plot is discovered and abandoned.
** 21 March – the third of the Oxford Martyrs, Thomas Cranmer, deposed Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at the stake for treason.
** 22 March – Reginald Pole enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.
** 27 June – thirteen Protestant Stratford Martyrs are burned at the stake in London.
** 18 July – three Protestant martyrs are burned at the stake in East Grinstead.
** Establishment of Laxton Grammar School.
** Period of rapid inflation; prices of many basic commodities double in 12 months.
* 1557
** 28 February – a commercial treaty is signed with Russia.
** May – Benedictine monks are allowed to return to Westminster Abbey.
** 5 June – publication in London of ''Tottel's Miscellany'' (''Songes and Sonettes''), the first printed anthology of English poetry.
** 7 June – Italian War of 1551–59: England, now allied with Spain, declares war on France.
** Summer – 1557 influenza pandemic reaches the British Isles.
** 10 August – Italian War: English and Spanish victory over the French at the Battle of St. Quentin. First record of a Royal Artillery Band.
** 4 September – Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, is refounded by surgeon John Caius.
** The following schools are founded: Brentwood School, Essex, by Sir Antony Browne; Hampton School, Hampton, London, by Robert Hammond; and Repton School, Derbyshire, by Sir John Port.
** Robert Recorde's ''The Whetstone of Witte'' is published, the first English book on algebra, containing the first recorded use of the equals sign and also the first use in English of plus and minus signs.
** Thomas Tusser's instructional poem ''A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie'' is published.
* 1558
** 7 January – French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England.
** 13 July – Battle of Gravelines: near the border between France and the Spanish Netherlands, Spanish forces assisted by the English Royal Navy inflict a major defeat on the French.
** By September – second wave of the 1557 influenza pandemic in England.
** 15 November – the last five Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation are burnt, at Canterbury.
** 17 November – Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I dies of uterine cancer at St James's Palace aged 42 and the English throne passes to her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth (at this time resident at Hatfield House) as her designated successor, who will rule for 44 years. 12 hours later, Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Reginald Pole, dies in London.
** 20 November – William Cecil is appointed principal Secretary of State.
** Mary's widower Philip II of Spain offers his hand in marriage to Elizabeth provided she adopts the Catholic faith. She takes time before replying and he remarries elsewhere the following year.
** Elizabeth grants rest and refreshment to pilgrims and travellers who pass by the Holy Well Spring at Malvern, Worcestershire.
** English explorer Anthony Jenkinson travels from Moscow to Astrakhan and Bukhara.
* 1559
** 15 January – Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle.
** 23 January – Elizabethan Religious Settlement: The 1st Parliament of Elizabeth I (summoned on 5 December) assembles at Westminster and passes the Act of Supremacy 1558 (requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England) and the Act of Uniformity 1558 (requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance), re-establishing the Protestant Church of England (royal assent 8 May).
** 10 February – House of Commons makes a 'Loyal Address', urging Queen Elizabeth to marry.
** 2 April – the Italian War of 1551–1559 is ended by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in which France makes peace with England and Spain; among the few gains retained by France is the formerly English town of Calais.
** 19 December – Matthew Parker enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.
** Reintroduction of the Book of Common Prayer.
** Benedictine monks are once again expelled from Westminster Abbey.
** The predecessor of the Private bank, private banking house of Child & Co. (which will still exist in the 21st century) is established in London.

Births

* 1550
** April 12 – Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, Lord Great Chamberlain (died 1600s in England, 1604)
** October 25 – Ralph Sherwin (priest), Ralph Sherwin, Roman Catholic priest and saint (martyred 1580s in England, 1581)
** Approximate date
*** Henry Barrowe, Puritan and Separatist (died 1590s in England, 1593)
*** Philip Henslowe, theatrical entrepreneur (died 1610s in England, 1616)
*** Judith Ivye, wife of Anthony Prater (died 1570s in England, 1578)
*** Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester (died 1620s in England, 1628)
* 1551
** 2 May – William Camden, historian (died 1620s in England, 1623)
** George Tuchet, 1st Earl of Castlehaven (died 1610s in England, 1617)
* 1552
** 22 January (or 1554?) – Walter Raleigh, soldier, politician, courtier, explorer, historian, poet and spy (executed 1618)
** 1 February – Edward Coke, colonial entrepreneur and jurist (died 1634 in England, 1634)
** 30 December – Simon Forman, occultist and astrologer (died 1610s in England, 1611)
** Thomas Aufield, Catholic martyr (died 1580s in England, 1585)
** Philemon Holland, translator (died 1637 in England, 1637)
** Edmund Spenser, poet (died 1590s in England, 1599)
* 1553
** John Croke, judge and Speaker of the House of Commons (died 1620 in England, 1620)
** John Florio, writer and translator (died 1620s in England, 1625)
** Richard Hakluyt, author, editor and translator (died 1610s in England, 1616)
** Approximate date
*** Henry Robinson (bishop), Henry Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle (died 1610s in England, 1616)
*** William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh, military leader (died 1610s in England, 1613)
*** Jack Ward, pirate (died 1622 in England, 1622)
* 1554
** March – Richard Hooker, Anglican theologian (died 1600s in England, 1600)
** April – Stephen Gosson, satirist (died 1620s in England, 1624)
** 3 October – Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, poet (died 1620s in England, 1628)
** 30 November – Philip Sidney, courtier and poet (died 1580s in England, 1586)
** James Lancaster, navigator (died 1610s in England, 1618)
** John Lyly, writer (died 1600s in England, 1606)
** John Smyth (Baptist minister), John Smyth, Baptist minister (died 1610s in England, 1612)
** Francis Throckmorton, conspirator (died 1580s in England, 1584)
* 1555
** 1 August – Edward Kelley, spirit medium (died 1590s in England, 1597)
** Lancelot Andrewes, clergyman and scholar (died 1620s in England, 1626)
** 17 July – Richard Carew (antiquary), Richard Carew, Cornish translator and antiquary (died 1620s in England, 1620)
** Henry Garnet, Jesuit (executed 1600s in England, 1606)
* 1556
** February – Henry Briggs (mathematician), Henry Briggs, mathematician (died 1630s in England, 1630)
** 6 June – Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, politician and diplomat (died 1620s in England, 1625)
** Margaret Clitherow, Catholic martyr (died 1580s in England, 1586)
* 1557
**Julius Caesar (judge), Julius Caesar, judge and politician (died 1636 in England, 1636)
** Thomas Morley, English composer (died 1600s in England, 1602)
* 1558
** 3 November – Thomas Kyd, author of ''The Spanish Tragedy'' (died 1590s in England, 1594)
** Robert Greene (dramatist), Robert Greene, writer (died 1590s in England, 1592)
** Chidiock Tichborne, conspirator and poet (died 1580s in England, 1586)
* 1559
** c. 23 April – William Watson (priest), William Watson, a Catholic priest and conspirator (executed 1603 in England, 1603)
**George Chapman, dramatist (died 1634 in England, 1634)
**John Overall (bishop), John Overall, bishop and academic (died 1610s in England, 1619)
**John Spenser, president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (died 1610s in England, 1614)

Deaths

* 1550
** 30 July – Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton, politician (born 1505 in England, 1505)
* 1551
** 13 July – John Wallop, soldier and diplomat (born 1490s in England, 1490)
** 14 July
*** Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, heir to the Duke of Suffolk#Dukes of Suffolk, second Creation (1514), Dukedom of Suffolk of the second creation (sweating sickness) (born 1535 in England, 1535)
*** Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, heir to the Dukedom of Suffolk of the second creation (sweating sickness) (born 1537/8)
* 1552
** 22 January – Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, politician (born 1500s in England, 1509)
** 18 April – John Leland (antiquary), John Leland, Antiquarian, antiquary and historian (born 1500s in England, 1502)
** 10 June – Alexander Barclay, poet (born 1470s in England, 1476)
** October – Simon Haynes (priest), Simon Haynes, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, ambassador and Dean of Exeter
* 1553
** 6 July – King Edward VI (born 1530s in England, 1537)
** 22 August – John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, politician (executed) (born 1500s in England, 1504)
** George Joye, Bible translator (born c. 1490s in England, 1495)
* 1554
** 12 February
***Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (executed) (born 1530s in England, 1537)
***Lord Guildford Dudley, Guilford Dudley, consort of Lady Jane Grey (executed) (born c. 1530s in England, 1535)
** 23 February – Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, politician (executed) (born 1510s in England, 1517)
** 11 April – Thomas Wyatt the Younger, rebel (executed) (born 1520s in England, 1521)
** 4 August – Sir James Hales, judge (suicide by drowning) (born c. 1580s in England, 1550)
** 25 August – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, politician (born 1470s in England, 1473)
** December – John Taylor (bishop of Lincoln), John Taylor, Bishop of Lincoln (born 1500s in England, 1503)
** Sir Hugh Willoughby, explorer (in the Arctic Ocean, Arctic Sea)
* 1555
** 4 February – John Rogers, clergyman and Bible translator (burned at the stake) (born c. 1500s in England, 1500)
** 8 February – Laurence Saunders, clergyman (burned at the stake) (born 1500s in England, 1500s)
** 9 February
*** John Hooper, deposed bishop (burned at the stake) (born c. 1490s in England, 1497)
***Rowland Taylor, clergyman (burned at the stake) (born 1510s in England, 1510)
** 14 March – John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (born 1480s in England, 1485)
** 18 April – Polydore Vergil, historian (born 1470s in England, 1470)
** 25 August – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (born 1470s in England, 1473)
** 5 October – Edward Wotton (zoologist), Edward Wotton, zoologist (born 1490s in England, 1492)
** 16 October
***Hugh Latimer, clergyman (burned at the stake) (born c. 1480s in England, 1487)
*** Nicholas Ridley, clergyman (burned at the stake) (born c. 1500)
** 12 November – Stephen Gardiner, bishop and Lord Chancellor (born 1490s in England, 1493)
* 1556
** 21 March – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (burned at the stake) (born 1480s in England, 1489)
** 11 August – John Bell (bishop of Worcester), John Bell, Bishop of Worcester
** 10 November – Richard Chancellor, Arctic explorer (born c. 1521)
** 23 December – Nicholas Udall, dramatist (born 1504 in England, 1504)
* 1557
** 28 May – Thomas Stafford (rebel), Thomas Stafford aristocrat and rebel (executed) (born c. 1530s in England, 1533)
** 16 July – Anne of Cleves, queen of Henry VIII of England (born 1510s in England, 1515)
** 13 September – John Cheke, classical scholar and statesman (born 1510s in England, 1514)
** 25 October – William Cavendish (courtier), William Cavendish, courtier (born 1505 in England, 1505)
** 18 December – Joyce Lewis, gentlewoman, Protestant convert and martyr (burned at the stake)
* 1558
** 31 May – Philip Hoby, politician (born 1505 in England, 1505)
** 17 November
*** Queen Mary I of England (born 1510s in England, 1516)
*** Reginald Pole, Cardinal (Catholic Church), Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1500s in England, 1500)
*** ''(bur.)'' Hugh Aston, composer (born 1480s in England, 1485)
** 15 December – Thomas Cheney, Lord Warden of the ''Cinque Ports'' (born c. 1480s in England, 1485)
* 1559
** 8 March – Thomas Tresham (died 1559), Thomas Tresham I, a Catholic politician
** 16 March – Anthony St Leger (Lord Deputy of Ireland), Anthony St. Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (born 1490s in England, 1496)
** 10 September – Anthony Denny, a confidant of Henry VIII of England (born 1500s in England, 1501)
** 18 November – Cuthbert Tunstall, Prince-Bishop of Durham (born 1470s in England, 1474)
** 20 November – Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, Lady Frances Brandon, claimant to the throne of England (born 1510s in England, 1517)
** 31 December – Owen Oglethorpe, deposed Bishop of Carlisle
** Approximate date – Leonard Digges (scientist), Leonard Digges, mathematician and surveyor (born c. 1510s in England, 1515)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1550s In England
1550s in England,