海苔

Nori is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, usually made from species of the red algae genus '' Pyropia'', including ''P. yezoensis'' and '' P. tenera''. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is generally made into flat sheets and used to wrap rolls of sushi or ''onigiri'' (rice balls).

The finished dried sheets are made by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles papermaking. They are sold in packs in grocery stores for culinary purposes. Since nori sheets easily absorb water from the air and degrade, a desiccant is needed when storing nori for any significant time.

Nori—despite not being cultivated by humans until the 1600s—has been popular since the pre-modern era in Japan, having been used as currency, offerings at shrines, and food since the 700s.

History

Ancient

Originally, the term ''nori'' was generic and referred to seaweeds, including '' hijiki''. One of the earliest descriptions of nori is dated to around the eighth century. In the Taihō Code of 701 CE, ''nori'' was already included in the form of taxation. Local people were described as drying nori in the ''Hitachi Province Fudoki'' (721–721 CE), and harvesting of nori was mentioned in the ''Izumo Province Fudoki'' (713–733 CE). In the '' Utsubo Monogatari'', written around 987 CE, ''nori'' was recognized as a common food.

Modern

Nori had been consumed as paste form until the sheet form (''ita-nori'' 板海苔) was invented in Asakusa, Tokyo, around 1750 in the Edo period through the method of Japanese paper-making.

The word "''nori''" first appeared in an English-language publication in ''C. P. Thunberg's Trav.'', published in 1796. It was used in conjugation as "''Awa nori''", probably referring to what now is called "''aonori''", i.e., green laver.

When Japan was in need of high food production after World War II, production of nori was in decline. They sought to cultivate nori in addition to traditional wild harvesting from the sea. Due to a lack of understanding of nori's three-stage life cycle, however, those attempting to produce nori artificially did not understand why their cultivation methods were not being productive with nori. The industry was rescued by knowledge derived from the work of British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker, who had been researching the organism ''Porphyria umbilicalis'' that grew in the seas around Wales and was harvested for food ( laverbread), as in Japan. Her work was discovered by Japanese scientists who applied it to artificial methods of seeding and growing the nori, rescuing the industry. Kathleen Baker was hailed in Japan as the "Mother of the Sea" and a statue was erected in her memory. She is still revered as the savior of the Japanese nori industry.

The word ''nori'' started to be used widely in the United States and the product (imported in dry form from Japan) became widely available at natural food stores and Asian-American grocery stores in the 1960s due to the macrobiotic movement and in the 1970s with the increase of sushi bars and Japanese restaurants.

In the 21st century, the Japanese nori industry faces a new decline due to increased competition from seaweed producers in China and Korea, and an increase in domestic sales tax.

Nori tori Hiroshige.jpg, Women gathering ''nori'', print by Hiroshige, 1849
Hiroshige Hundred views Edo 109 Minami-shinagawa samezu kaigan (南品川鮫洲海岸).tif, ''Nori'' farm in Shinagawa, by Hiroshige, 1857
Woman placing seaweed, which is an important item of the Japanese diet, on rack to dry, Japan LCCN2001705652.jpg, A woman drying nori, 1890-1923
Monument Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker.jpg, Monument to Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker in Uto, Kumamoto. Her research revived ''nori'' production in Japan.

Production

Production and processing of ''nori'' is an advanced form of agriculture. The biology of ''Pyropia'', although complicated, now is well understood, and this knowledge is used to control the production process. Farming takes place in the sea where the ''Pyropia'' plants grow attached to nets suspended at the sea surface and where the farmers operate from boats. The plants grow rapidly, requiring approximately 45 days from "seeding" until the first harvest. Multiple harvests can be taken from a single seeding, typically at approximately ten-day intervals. Harvesting is accomplished using mechanical harvesters of a variety of configurations. Processing of raw product is mostly accomplished by highly automated machines that accurately duplicate traditional manual processing steps, but with much improved efficiency and consistency. The final product is a paper-thin, black, dried sheet of approximately and in weight.

Several grades of nori are available in the United States. The most common (and least expensive) grades are imported from China, costing approximately six cents per sheet. At the high end, ranging up to 90 cents per sheet, are "delicate ''shin-nori''" (''nori'' from the first of the year's several harvests) cultivated in the Ariake Sea, off the island of Kyushu in Japan.

In Japan, more than of coastal waters are given to producing of nori, worth more than a billion dollars. China produces approximately a third of this amount.

Wild seaweed is still gathered to make nori, often found growing on rocks at the beach. Such wild nori is called ''iwanori'' ("rock nori"), and are known for their rougher texture and taste.

Culinary uses

Nori is commonly used as a wrap for sushi and ''onigiri'' (rice balls). The dry seaweed is used to pick up rice balls without getting the hands sticky. '' Senbei'' (rice crackers) sometimes contain a piece of nori as well.

Strips or small sheets of nori are used as garnish for noodles, soups, and rice dishes. Flakes of nori are used in ''furikake'' seasonings, to be sprinkled over rice or added to ''onigiri''. Very small flakes or powdered nori can be dusted over a variety of savory foods.

Typically, nori is toasted prior to consumption. Toasted nori is called ''yaki-nori''. A common secondary product is toasted and flavored nori (''ajitsuke-nori''), in which a flavoring mixture (variable, but typically soy sauce, sugar, sake, mirin, and seasonings) is applied in combination with the toasting process. Nori is also eaten by making it into a soy sauce-flavored paste, ''nori no tsukudani'' (). Sometimes it is also used as a form of food decoration, such as creating faces or anime characters in bento boxes.

A related product, prepared from the unrelated green algae ''Monostroma'' and ''Enteromorpha'', is called '' aonori'' ( literally blue/green ''nori'') and it is used as an herb on everyday meals, such as '' okonomiyaki'' and ''yakisoba''.

Ikura 001.jpg, Nori used to wrap sushi with '' ikura'' (salmon eggs)
家系ラーメン 吉村家 (52723741330).jpg, Bowl of ramen with nori sheets
Temaki thon durant le confinement 2020 - vue de dessus.jpg, ''Temaki'' is always wrapped with nori for easy holding
Senbei 003.jpg, '' Senbei'' cracker wrapped with nori
Mentai-don.jpg, Rice bowl topped with ''mentaiko'' and nori
Meshi 004.jpg, Rice with ''furikake'' seasoning made of nori flakes

Nutrition

Raw seaweed is 85% water, 6% protein, 5% carbohydrates, and has negligible fat. In a 100 gram reference amount, seaweed is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate. Seaweed is a moderate source (less than 20% DV) of niacin, iron, and zinc. Seaweed has a high content of iodine, providing a substantial amount in just one gram. A 2014 study reported that dried purple laver ("nori") contains vitamin B12 in sufficient quantities to meet the RDA requirement (Vitamin B12 content: 77.6 μg /100 g dry weight). By contrast, however, a 2017 review concluded that vitamin B12 may be destroyed during metabolism or is converted into inactive B12 analogs during drying and storage. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics stated in 2016 that nori is not an adequate source of vitamin B12 for humans.

Health risks

Nori may contain toxic metals (arsenic and cadmium), whose levels are highly variable among nori products. It also contains amphipod allergens that may cause serious allergic reactions, especially in highly sensitized crustacean-allergic people.

Similar food

The red algae genera is also consumed in Korean cuisine as '' gim'', in Chinese cuisine as ''haitai'' (海苔) or ''zicai'' (紫菜), and in Wales and Ireland as laverbread.

See also

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* , – river algae often eaten in sheets in Laos
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* Porphyra

References

External links

Suria Link Seaplants Handbook



Description and images of cultivation and harvesting

Nori Dishes (w/video)

Marutoku Nori: About Nori

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Bangiophyceae
Edible seaweeds
Japanese cuisine
Japanese cuisine terms
Flora of Japan
Marine biota of Asia