İye (sometimes İne or Eğe; , ''İyĕ''; , ''İyä''; , ''İççi''; , ''Эе''; , ''Ee''; , ''Эга''; or ; , ''Ije'') is a spirit in

Turkic mythology Turkic mythology refers to myths and legends told by the Turkic people. It features Tengrism, Tengrist and Shamanism in Central Asia, Shamanist strata of belief along with many other social and cultural constructs related to the nomadic and wa ...

who is a

tutelary deity A tutelary (; also tutelar) is a deity or a Nature spirit, spirit who is a guardian, patron, or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture, or occupation. The etymology of "tutelary" expresses the concept ...

of a place, person, lineage, nation, natural assets or an animal. Although such spirits are called "masters" or "possessors", they are not necessarily subject to worship. They may be revered as sacred essence of things without being deified or even personified.Aykanat, Fatma. "The Contemporary Reflections of Tengrism in Turkish Climate Change Fictions." Turkish Ecocriticism: From Neolithic to Contemporary Timescapes (2020): 21.

Master spirits

The term means owner, master, lord, possessor in Turkic languages. Ezen (familiar spirit, protector spirit) has the same meaning (owner, possessor) in the

Mongolian language Mongolian is the Prestige (sociolinguistics), principal language of the Mongolic languages, Mongolic language family that originated in the Mongolian Plateau. It is spoken by ethnic Mongols and other closely related Mongolic peoples who are nati ...

. An İye guides, helps, or protects animals, individuals, lineages, nations, and even inanimates assets such as mountains or rivers. According to the

shamanic Shamanism is a spiritual practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with the spirit world through Altered state of consciousness, altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spiri ...

worldview, everything is alive, bearing an inherent virtue and power. In this context power animals represent a person's connection to all life, their qualities of character, and their power. They are the helping or ministering spirit or familiar which empowers individuals and is essential for success in any venture undertaken. It is believed that most persons have power animals , or tutelary spirits, which empower and protect them from harm – this is comparable to

tutelary deities A tutelary (; also tutelar) is a deity or a spirit who is a guardian, patron, or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture, or occupation. The etymology of "tutelary" expresses the concept of safety and ...

. In these traditions, the İye may also lend the wisdom or attributes of its kind to those under its protection. Also each town or city had one or more İye, whose protection was considered particularly vital in time of war and siege. An İye is a spirit who is regarded as the tutelary spirit or protector of a nation, place, clan, family, or person. In Azerbaijani mythology, they are usually described as benevolent towards mankind.

Mythology

Aynur Gazanfargizi states that, according to

Tengrism Tengrism (also known as Tengriism, Tengerism, or Tengrianism) is a belief-system originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on shamanism and animism. It generally involves the titular sky god Tengri. According to some scholars, adherents of ...

, God (Tengri) created the İye and give them dominion over a specific place. They would have been similar to that of

angel An angel is a spiritual (without a physical body), heavenly, or supernatural being, usually humanoid with bird-like wings, often depicted as a messenger or intermediary between God (the transcendent) and humanity (the profane) in variou ...

s in

Abrahamic religions The term Abrahamic religions is used to group together monotheistic religions revering the Biblical figure Abraham, namely Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The religions share doctrinal, historical, and geographic overlap that contrasts them wit ...

. However, often only their negative impact is remembered and thus have often been demonized. She argues that the İye is neither thought to be inherently good or bad, but the İye's attitude depends on human's respect towards the nature of their domain: If the İye of a garden would be disrespected, it would cause the garden to wither. If the İye is respected however, the garden will prosper. She criticizes both the demonization of İye as demons (Kara İye), as well as the deification of them done by Western researchers. İyes would be neither inherently good nor bad, but sent by God to interact with humans in a respectful manner. According to myths among the Turks collected by Verbitsky Vasily, the İye appear similar to

fallen angel Fallen angels are angels who were expelled from Heaven. The literal term "fallen angel" does not appear in any Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic religious texts, but is used to describe angels cast out of heaven. Such angels are often described ...

s. When Erlik desired to create a world on his own to fill it with his own people, Ülgen was ordered to threw Erlik and his servants out of the sky. A battle occurred and Erlik was injured, cast into the underworld, along with his servants. They fell like water drops, and each of his servants became a spirit corresponding with the specific element it fell into. Thus, whose who fell into fire became od-iyeler (İye of fire), whose who fell into water became su-iyeler (İye of water), etc.

Veneration

It is the name given to

saint In Christianity, Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of sanctification in Christianity, holiness, imitation of God, likeness, or closeness to God in Christianity, God. However, the use of the ...

-like beings in many places such as Azerbaijan, Anatolia and Ahıska. Although the word seems to be the plural form of the word "Good" (''iyeler''), it is actually related to the concept of "Iye". Shrines and cemeteries considered sacred are used in association with the names of these ''İyeler''. According to belief, beings such as "al girls", who have fertile hands and make everything they touch fruitful, are considered to be among the İye. It is said among them are saints, prophets, and angels. Graves, which were thought to be places where the İyeler slept, were considered places of pilgrimage and the sick and those who could not find cure went there.

Well-known İyes

# Su iyesi: Spirit of water. # Od iyesi: Spirit of fire. # Ev iyesi: Household spirit of house. #

Yel iyesi Young European Leadership (YEL), an international non-profit and Nonpartisanism, nonpartisan organization composed of and founded by young Europeans, aims to bring young professionals into European and global politics. Among its activities, YEL o ...

: Spirit of wind. #Dağ iyesi: Protector spirit of mountains. #Orman iyesi: Protector spirit of forest. #Irmak iyesi: Owner of river. # Abzar iyesi: Owner of courtyard. # Yer iyesi: Sacred spirit of earth.

Other spirits

These are at the orter of other İyes. #Aran iyesi, Damız iyesi, Kitre iyesi: Spirit of stable. #Avul iyesi, Köy iyesi, Bucak iyesi: Spirit of village. #Ağaç iyesi, Yığaç iyesi: Spirit of tree. #Bulak iyesi, Pınar iyesi, Çeşme iyesi: Spirit of fountain. #Değirmen iyesi: Spirit of mill. #Ekin iyesi, Arış iyesi: Spirit of corn. # Ergene iyesi, Urkay iyesi, Şahta iyesi: Spirit of mine pit. #Mal iyesi, Sığır iyesi: Spirit of cattle. #Kıla iyesi, Hayvan iyesi: Spirit of animals. #Otağ iyesi, Çadır iyesi, Çerge İyesi: Spirit of tent. #Söğök iyesi, Gur iyesi, Gömüt İyesi: Spirit of grave. #Tarla iyesi, Basu iyesi, Etiz İyesi: Spirit of field. #Toplak iyesi, Mescid iyesi: Spirit of mosque. #Yol iyesi, Yolak iyesi: Spirit of road. # Yunak iyesi, Hamam iyesi, Cağlık iyesi: Spirit of bath. #Ören iyesi, Peg iyesi, Çaldıbar iyesi: Spirit of ruins. #İn iyesi, Mağara iyesi, Ünkür iyesi: Spirit of cave. #Bulut iyesi: Spirit of clouds. #Kara iye: Spirit of underworld, comparable to a demon.Halit Ahmet ''The journal of Islamic civilization Studies'' 2017 p. 213 (Turkish)

References

External links

Türk Mitoloji Sözlüğü, Pınar Karaca
(İççi), (İdi-İzi), (İye-Yiye)
İyeler, Yaşar Kalafat

Gök Tengri İnancının Anadoludaki İzleri, Yaşar Kalafat
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