-ism

''-ism'' () is a suffix in many English words, originally derived from the Ancient Greek suffix ('), and reached English through the Latin , and the French . It is used to create abstract nouns of action, state, condition, or doctrine, and is often used to describe philosophies, theories, religions, social movements, artistic movements, lifestyles, behaviors, scientific phenomena, or medical conditions.

The concept of an -ism may resemble that of a grand narrative.

Skeptics of any given -isms can quote the dictum attributed to Eisenhower: "All -isms are wasms".

History

The first recorded usage of the suffix ''ism'' as a separate word in its own right was in 1680. By the nineteenth century it was being used by Thomas Carlyle to signify a pre-packaged ideology. It was later used in this sense by such writers as Julian Huxley and George Bernard Shaw. In the United States of the mid-nineteenth century, the phrase "the isms" was used as a collective derogatory term to lump together the radical social reform movements of the day (such as slavery abolitionism, feminism, alcohol prohibitionism, Fourierism, pacifism, Technoism, early socialism, etc.) and various spiritual or religious movements considered non-mainstream by the standards of the time (such as transcendentalism, spiritualism, Mormonism etc.). Southerners often prided themselves on the American South being free from all of these pernicious "Isms" (except for alcohol temperance campaigning, which was compatible with a traditional Protestant focus on individual morality). So on September 5 and 9, 1856, the ''Examiner'' newspaper of Richmond, Virginia, ran editorials on "Our Enemies, the Isms and their Purposes", while in 1858 Parson Brownlow called for a "Missionary Society of the South, for the Conversion of the Freedom Shriekers, Spiritualists, Free-lovers, Fourierites, and Infidel Reformers of the North" (see ''The Freedom-of-thought Struggle in the Old South'' by Clement Eaton). In the present day, it appears in the title of a standard survey of political thought, ''Today's Isms'' by William Ebenstein, first published in the 1950s, and now in its 11th edition.

In 2004, the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' added two new draft definitions of -isms to reference their relationship to words that convey injustice:
* "Forming nouns with the sense 'belief in the superiority of one—over another'; as racism, sexism, speciesism, etc."
* "Forming nouns with the sense 'discrimination or prejudice against on the basis of—'; as ageism, bodyism, heightism, faceism, lookism, sizeism, weightism, etc."

In December 2015, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'' declared -ism to be the Word of the Year.

See also

For examples of the use of -ism as a suffix:
* List of philosophies
* Glossary of philosophy
* List of political ideologies
* List of art movements
*
* Vandalism

Notes and references

Further reading

* '' Today's Isms: Socialism, Capitalism, Fascism, Communism, Libertarianism'' by Alan Ebenstein, William Ebenstein and Edwin Fogelman (11th ed, Pearson, 1999, )
* '' Isms and Ologies: 453 Difficult Doctrines You've Always Pretended to Understand'' by Arthur Goldwag (Quercus, 2007, ) ranges from Abolitionism to Zoroastrianism.
* '' Isms: Understanding Art'' by Stephen Little (A & C Black, 2004, ), one of a series of similar titles including ''... Architecture'', ''... Modern Art'', ''... Fashion'' and ''... Religions''.
*
The Ism Book: A Field Guide to Philosophy
' by Peter Saint-Andre.

{{DEFAULTSORT:ism
English suffixes
Belief
Suffixes of Greek origin