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Yopo
''Anadenanthera peregrina'', also known as yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica or calcium tree, is a perennial tree of the genus ''Anadenanthera'' native to the Caribbean and South America. It grows up to tall, and has a thorny bark. Its flowers grow in small, pale yellow to white spherical clusters resembling Acacia (e.g. wattle) inflorescences. It is an entheogen which has been used in healing ceremonies and rituals for thousands of years in northern South America and the Caribbean. Although the seeds of the yopo tree were originally gathered from the wild, increased competition between tribes over access to the seeds led to it being intentionally cultivated and transported elsewhere, expanding the plant's distribution through introduction to areas beyond its native range. Related species This plant is almost identical to that of a related tree, ''Anadenanthera colubrina'', commonly known as ''cebíl'' or ''vilca''. The beans of ''A. colubrina'' have a similar chemical makeup as ''A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufotenin
Bufotenin, also known as dimethylserotonin or as 5-hydroxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (5-HO-DMT), is a serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine family. It is a derivative of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). The compound is an alkaloid found in some species of mushrooms, plants, and toads. It is also found naturally in the human body in small amounts. Bufotenin, for instance derived from the trees ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' and ''Anadenanthera peregrina'', has a long history of entheogenic use as a snuff in South America. The name bufotenin originates from the toad genus '' Bufo'', which includes several species of psychoactive toads, most notably '' Incilius alvarius'' (formerly ''Bufo alvarius''), that secrete bufotoxins from their parotoid glands. However, ''Bufo'' and related species like ''Incilius alvarius'' contain only trace amounts of bufotenin, with their major active component instead ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadenanthera Peregrina Var
''Anadenanthera'' is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Fabaceae. The genus contains two species, '' A. colubrina'' and '' A. peregrina''. These trees are known to the western world primarily as sources of the hallucinogenic snuffs vilca/cebil and yopo/cohoba. The main active constituent of ''Anadenanthera'' is bufotenin. Species * ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' ** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' ** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''colubrina'' * ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' ** ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''falcata'' ** ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina'' Chemical compounds Chemical compounds contained in ''Anadenanthera'' include: * 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bark * Serotonin * N-Methylserotonin * 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, bark * Bufotenin, seeds, bark * Bufotenine N-oxide, seeds * N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (''N'',''N''-DMT), is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadenanthera Colubrina
''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (also known as vilca, huilco, huilca, wilco, willka, curupay, curupau, cebil, or angico) is a South American tree closely related to yopo, or ''Anadenanthera peregrina''. It grows to tall and the trunk is very thorny. The leaves are mimosa-like, up to in length and they fold up at night. In Argentina, ''A. colubrina'' produces flowers from September to December and bean pods from September to July. In Brazil ''A. colubrina'' has been given "high priority" conservation status. Nomenclature ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' is known by many names throughout South America. In Peru it is known as ''willka'' (also spelled ''wilca,'' ''vilca'' and ''huilca'') which in the Quechua languages means "sacred". Geography ''A. colubrina'' is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Cuba, and Mauritius. Natural growing conditions ''A. colubrina'' grows at altitudes of about with roughly per year of precipitation and a mean temperature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadenanthera
''Anadenanthera'' is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Fabaceae. The genus contains two species, ''Anadenanthera colubrina, A. colubrina'' and ''Anadenanthera peregrina, A. peregrina''. These trees are known to the western world primarily as sources of the hallucinogenic snuffs Anadenanthera colubrina, vilca/cebil and yopo/cohoba. The main active constituent of ''Anadenanthera'' is bufotenin. Species * ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' ** Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil, ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' ** Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina, ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''colubrina'' * ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' ** Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata, ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''falcata'' ** Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina, ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina'' Chemical compounds Chemical compounds contained in ''Anadenanthera'' include: * 5-MeO-DMT, 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bark * Serotonin * N-Methylseroton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimethyltryptamine
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (''N'',''N''-DMT), is a Psychedelic drug, serotonergic hallucinogen and Investigational New Drug, investigational drug of the substituted tryptamine, tryptamine family that natural product, occurs naturally in many plants and animals, including humans. DMT is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen. DMT has a rapid onset of action, onset, intense effects, and a relatively short duration of action. For those reasons, DMT was known as the "businessman's trip" during the 1960s in the United States, as a user could access the full depth of a psychedelic experience in considerably less time than with other substances such as Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD or psilocybin mushrooms. DMT can be inhaled or injected and its effects depend on the dose, as well as the mode of administration. When inhaled or injected, the effects last about five to fifteen minutes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucoanthocyanin
Leucoanthocyanidin (flavan-3,4-diols) are colorless chemical compounds related to anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins can be found in ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' and in several species of ''Nepenthes'' including '' N. burbidgeae'', '' N. muluensis'', '' N. rajah'', '' N. tentaculata'', and '' N. × alisaputrana''. Such compounds include: * Leucocyanidin * Leucodelphinidin * Leucofisetinidin * Leucomalvidin * Leucopelargonidin * Leucopeonidin * Leucorobinetinidin * Melacacidin * Teracacidin from '' Acacia obtusifolia'' and '' Acacia maidenii'' heartwoods Leucoanthocyanidins have been demonstrated to be intermediates in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in flowers of '' Matthiola incana''. Bate-smith recommended in 1954 the use of the Forestal solvent for the isolation of leuco-anthocyanins. Metabolism Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase uses flavan-3,4-diols to produce 3-hydroxyanthocyanidins. The gene encoding the enzyme (PpLDOX) has be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction, which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken or new bonds formed or both. There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how the constituent atoms are bonded together. Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds; ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds; intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds; coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Non-stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case. A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule, usin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catechol
Catechol ( or ), also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is the ''ortho'' isomer of the three isomeric benzenediols. This colorless compound occurs naturally in trace amounts. It was first discovered by destructive distillation of the plant extract catechin. About 20,000 tonnes of catechol are now synthetically produced annually as a commodity organic chemical, mainly as a precursor to pesticides, flavors, and fragrances. Small amounts of catechol occur in fruits and vegetables. Isolation and synthesis Catechol was first isolated in 1839 by Edgar Hugo Emil Reinsch (1809–1884) by distilling it from the solid tannic preparation catechin, which is the residuum of catechu, the boiled or concentrated juice of ''Mimosa catechu'' ('' Acacia catechu''). Upon heating catechin above its decomposition point, a substance that Reinsch first named ''Brenz-Katechusäure'' (burned catechu acid) sublimated as a white efflo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amine Oxide
In chemistry, an amine oxide, also known as an amine ''N''-oxide or simply ''N''-oxide, is a chemical compound that has the chemical formula . It contains a nitrogen-oxygen coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or substituent-groups attached to nitrogen. Sometimes it is written as or, alternatively, as . In the strict sense, the term ''amine oxide'' applies only to oxides of tertiary amines. Sometimes it is also used for the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. Examples of amine oxides include pyridine-''N''-oxide, a water-soluble crystalline solid with melting point 62–67 °C, and ''N''-methylmorpholine ''N''-oxide, which is an oxidant. Applications Amine oxides are surfactants commonly used in consumer products such as shampoos, conditioners, detergents, and hard surface cleaners. Alkyl dimethyl amine oxide (chain lengths C10–C16) is the most commercially used amine oxide. They are considered a high production volume class o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N-Methyltryptamine
''N''-Methyltryptamine (NMT), also known as monomethyltryptamine, is a chemical compound of the tryptamine family and a naturally occurring compound found in the human body and certain plants. It is biosynthesized in humans from tryptamine by certain ''N''-methyltransferase enzymes, such as indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase. It is a known component in human urine. NMT is an alkaloid derived from L-tryptophan that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of several plant genera, including '' Virola'', ''Acacia'', '' Mimosa'', and '' Desmanthus''—often together with the related compounds ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). NMT acts as a serotonin receptor agonist and serotonin releasing agent and is said to produce hallucinogenic effects in humans. Effects Orally administered NMT appears to produce no psychoactive effects, likely as a result of extensive first-pass metabolism. Per Roger W. Brimbl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
