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Vincamine
Vincamine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid found in the leaves of ''Vinca minor'' (lesser periwinkle), comprising about 25–65% of its indole alkaloids by weight. It can also be synthesized from related alkaloids. Uses Vincamine is sold in Europe as a prescription medicine for the treatment of primary degenerative and vascular dementia. In the United States, it is permitted to be sold as a dietary supplement when labeled for use in adults for six months or less. Most common preparations are in the sustained release tablet forms. Chemistry Synthesis Tabersonine can be used for semi-synthesis of vincamine. Derivatives Vinpocetine is a synthetic derivative of vincamine used for cerebrovascular diseases and as dietary supplement. Vincamine derivatives have been also studied as anti addictive and antidiabetic agents. Research It may have nootropic effects. It has been investigated as novel anticancer drug. Concerns over long-term use have been documented by the US National ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vinpocetine
Vinpocetine (ethyl apovincaminate), sold under the brand name Cavinton among others, is a synthetic derivative (chemistry), derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine, differing by the removal of a hydroxyl group and by being the ethyl rather than the methyl ester of the underlying carboxylic acid. Vincamine is extracted from either the seeds of ''Voacanga africana'' or the leaves of ''Vinca minor'' (lesser periwinkle). Medical uses Vinpocetine has been used in many Asian and European countries for treatment of cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke and dementia for over three decades. The Food and Drug Administration, FDA has tentatively ruled that vinpocetine, due to its synthetic nature and proposed therapeutic uses, is ineligible to be marketed as dietary supplement under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Despite this, vinpocetine remains widely available in dietary supplements often marketed as nootropics. Vinpocetine does not fully support a benefit in either ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indole Alkaloid
Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups and are thus called terpene indole or secologanin tryptamine alkaloids. Containing more than 4100 known different compounds, it is one of the largest classes of alkaloids. Many of them possess significant physiological activity and some of them are used in medicine. The amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor of indole alkaloids. History The action of some indole alkaloids has been known for ages. Aztecs used the psilocybin mushrooms which contain alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin. The flowering plant ''Rauvolfia serpentina'' which contains reserpine was a common medicine in India around 1000 BC. Africans used the roots of the perennial rainforest shrub Iboga, which contain ibogaine, as a stimulant. An infusion of Calabar bean seeds was given to people accused of crime in Nigeria: its rejection by stomach was regarded as a sign of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Toxicology Program
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is an inter-agency program run by the United States Department of Health and Human Services to coordinate, evaluate, and report on toxicology within public agencies. The National Toxicology Program is headquartered at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The NIEHS Director, currently Richard Woychik, also concurrently serves as NTP Director. History The program was established in 1978 by Joseph A. Califano Jr., then the United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (today known as the Secretary of Health and Human Services). The program arose from congressional concerns about the health effects of chemical agents in the environment. In October 1981, Secretary Richard S. Schwiker granted permanent status to the program. Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods The NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) supports the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinolizidine Alkaloids
Quinolizidine alkaloids are natural products that have a quinolizidine structure; this includes the lupine alkaloids. Occurrence Quinolizidine alkaloids can be found in the plant family of legumes, especially in papilionaceous plants. While the lupine alkaloids (following their name) can be found in lupines, tinctorin, for example, was isolated from the dyer's broom. Examples More than 200 quinolizidine alkaloids are known which can be classified into 6 structural types: * the lupinine type with 34 known structures, including lupinine and its derivatives * the camoensine type with 6 known structures, including camoensin * the spartein type with 66 structures, including sparteine, lupanine, angustifoline * the α-pyridone type with 25 structures, including anagyrine and cytisine * the matrine type with 31 structures, including matrine * and the ormosanin type with 19 structures, including ormosanine. (–)-Lupinine Structural Formula V2.svg, Lupinine, (–)-lupinine (6R,7 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyl Esters
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom chemical bond, bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula (whereas normal methane has the formula ). In chemical formula, formulas, the group is often skeletal formula#Pseudoelement symbols, abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond (), it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion (), methylium cation () or methyl radical (chemistry), radical (). The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the cation six. All three forms are highly reactive and rarely observed. Methyl cation, anion, and radical Methyl cation The methylium cation () exists in the gas phase, but is otherwise not encountered. Some compounds are considered to be sources ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tryptamine Alkaloids
Tryptamine is an indolamine metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan. The chemical structure is defined by an indole—a fused benzene and pyrrole ring, and a 2-aminoethyl group at the second carbon (third aromatic atom, with the first one being the heterocyclic nitrogen). The structure of tryptamine is a shared feature of certain aminergic neuromodulators including melatonin, serotonin, bufotenin and psychedelic derivatives such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocybin, psilocin and others. Tryptamine has been shown to activate serotonin receptors and trace amine-associated receptors expressed in the mammalian brain, and regulates the activity of dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems. In the human gut, bacteria convert dietary tryptophan to tryptamine, which activates 5-HT4 receptors and regulates gastrointestinal motility. Multiple tryptamine-derived drugs have been developed to treat migraines, while trace amine-associated receptors are being ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tertiary Alcohols
In chemistry, an alcohol (), is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of Hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons, conferring Hydrophile, hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur. History The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus (–287 BCE), and Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, J� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conophylline
Conophylline is a autophagy inducing vinca alkaloid found in plants of the genus ''Tabernaemontana''. Among the many functional groups in this molecule is an epoxide: the compound where that ring is replaced with a double bond is called conophyllidine and this co-occurs in the same plants. History Conophylline and conophyllidine were first reported in 1993 after isolation from the ethanol extract of leaves of ''Tabernaemontana divaricata''. Their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The class of vinca alkaloids to which these compounds belong also contains vincristine and vinblastine, well-known therapeutic agents for human cancers, so they were candidates for a number of biochemical assays to see if they had useful biological activity. By 1996, conophylline it had been reported to inhibit tumours in rats by its action on Ras GTPase#Ras in cancer, Ras-expressing cells. This finding did not lead to a useful drug but the molecule continues to be investigated for its bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apparicine
Apparicine is a monoterpenoid tricyclic indole alkaloid. It is named after Apparicio Duarte, a Brazilian botanist who studied the ''Aspidosperma'' species from which apparicine was first isolated. It was the first member of the vallesamine group of indole alkaloids to be isolated and have its structure established, which was first published in 1965. It has also been known by the synonyms gomezine, pericalline, and tabernoschizine. Biochemistry The alkaloid has been isolated from seven species of ''Aspidosperma''. It is the principal alkaloid found in the callus of '' Tabernaemontana elegans'', and has also been identified in other ''Tabernaemontana'' species, including '' T. africana'', '' T. divaricata'', '' T. orientalis'', and '' T. pachysiphon''. In studies of ''T. pachysiphon'', it was found that alkaloid content including that of apparicine was greatest in young leaves and leaves receiving greater shade, and varied with leaf age, plant age, and provenance. Research on '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nootropic
Nootropics ( or ) (colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs, cognitive enhancers, memory enhancers, or brain boosters) are chemical substances which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, wakefulness, and self-control. In the United States, nootropics can be over-the-counter drugs and commonly advertised with unproven claims of effectiveness for improving cognition. The Federal Trade Commission and FDA have warned manufacturers and consumers about possible advertising fraud and marketing scams concerning nootropic supplements. Nootropics include both prescription drugs and dietary supplements marketed to enhance brain function, but while FDA-approved drugs have proven benefits and oversight, many dietary supplements lack evidence, may contain unapproved or hidden drugs, and pose safety and regulatory risks.Nootropics: Drugs vs Dietary Supplements for Brain Health. Operation Supplement Safety. https://www.opss.org/article/nootropics-drugs- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioorganic Chemistry
Bioorganic chemistry is a scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. It is the branch of life science that deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods. Protein and enzyme function are examples of these processes. Sometimes biochemistry is used interchangeably for bioorganic chemistry; the distinction being that bioorganic chemistry is organic chemistry that is focused on the biological aspects. While biochemistry aims at understanding biological processes using chemistry, bioorganic chemistry attempts to expand organic-chemical researches (that is, structures, synthesis, and kinetics) toward biology. When investigating metalloenzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry. Sub disciplines Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry.Nelson J. LeonardBioorganic chemistry-a scientific endeavour in continuou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vinca Minor
''Vinca minor'' (common names lesser periwinkle or dwarf periwinkle) is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family, native to central and southern Europe. Other vernacular names used in cultivation include small periwinkle, common periwinkle, and sometimes in the United States, myrtle or creeping myrtle. Description ''Vinca minor'' is a trailing subshrub, spreading along the ground and rooting along the stems to form large clonal colonies and occasionally scrambling up to high but never twining or climbing. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, long and broad, glossy dark green with a leathery texture and an entire margin. The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils and are produced mainly from early spring to mid summer but with a few flowers still produced into the autumn; they are violet-purple (pale purple or white in some cultivated selections), diameter, with a five-lobed corolla. The fruit is a pair of follicles long, containing numerous seeds. Chemistry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
