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Ujamaa
Ujamaa ( in Swahili language, Swahili) was a Socialism, socialist ideology that formed the basis of Julius Nyerere's social and economic Economic development, development policies in Tanzania after it gained independence from Britain in 1961. More broadly, ujamaa may mean "cooperative economics", in the sense of "local people cooperating with each other to provide for the essentials of living", or "to build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together". Ideology and practice Nyerere used Ujamaa as the basis for a national development project. He translated the Ujamaa concept into the institutionalization of social, economic, and political equality through the creation of a central democracy; the abolition of discrimination based on ascribed status; and the nationalization of the economy's key sectors. Ujamaa proposed a decentralized and pastoralist socialist democracy. Julius Nyerere's leadership of Tanzania commanded international ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African Socialism
African socialism is a distinct variant of socialist theory developed in post-colonial Africa during the mid-20th century. As a shared ideological project among several African thinkers over the decades, it encompasses a variety of competing interpretations. However, a consistent and defining theme among these theories is the notion that traditional African cultures and community structures have a natural inclination toward socialist principles. This characterization of socialism as an indigenous African tradition sets African socialism apart as a unique ideological movement, distinctly separate from other socialist movements on the continent or elsewhere in the world. Prominent contributors to this field include Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Léopold Sédar Senghor of Senegal. Origins and themes As many African countries gained independence during the 1960s, some of these newly formed governments rejected the ideas of capitalism in favour of a more A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (; 13 April 1922 – 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian politician, anti-colonial activist, and political theorist. He governed Tanganyika (1961–1964), Tanganyika as prime minister from 1961 to 1962 and then as president from 1962 to 1964, after which he led its successor state, Tanzania, as president from 1964 to 1985. He was a founding member and chair of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) party and of its successor, Chama Cha Mapinduzi, from 1954 to 1990. Ideologically an African nationalism, African nationalist and African socialism, African socialist, he promoted a political philosophy known as Ujamaa. Born in Butiama, Mara Region, Mara, then in the British colony of Tanganyika, Nyerere was the son of a Zanaki people, Zanaki chief. After completing his schooling, he studied at Makerere College in Uganda and then Edinburgh University in Scotland. In 1952 he returned to Tanganyika, married, and worked as a school teacher. In 1954, he helpe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arusha Declaration
The Arusha Declaration () and TANU’s Policy on Socialism and Self Reliance (1967), referred to as the Arusha Declaration, is known as Tanzania’s most prominent political statement of African Socialism, ‘ Ujamaa’, or brotherhood (Kaitilla, 2007). The Arusha declaration is divided into five parts: The TANU “Creed”; The Policy of Socialism; The Policy of Self Reliance; the TANU Membership; and the Arusha Resolution. Background In December 1966, Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere toured through half of the country, urging unity to pursue national goals of self-reliance and socialism. On February 5, 1967, in the town of Arusha, Nyerere issued the Arusha Declaration. It provided the overall ideological framing of Ujamaa and an approach to Tanzania's national development focusing on collective hard work, agrarian transformation, and anti-colonialism. Contents Creed Part one of the Arusha Declaration, The TANU “Creed”, outlines the principles of socialism a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanford University
Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth List of governors of California, governor of and then-incumbent List of United States senators from California, United States senator representing California) and his wife, Jane Stanford, Jane, in memory of their only child, Leland Stanford Jr., Leland Jr. The university admitted its first students in 1891, opening as a Mixed-sex education, coeducational and non-denominational institution. It struggled financially after Leland died in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, university Provost (education), provost Frederick Terman inspired an entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial culture to build a self-sufficient local industry (later Silicon Valley). In 1951, Stanfor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Republic Of Tanzania
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. According to a 2024 estimate, Tanzania has a population of around 67.5 million, making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator. Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania. In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers similar to modern day Iraqw people who moved south from present-day Ethiopia; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Collier
Sir Paul Collier, (born 23 April 1949) is a British development economist who serves as the Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford and co-director of the International Growth Centre. He is also a Professeur invité at Sciences Po and a Professorial Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford. He has served as a senior advisor to the Blair Commission for Africa and was the director of the Development Research Group at the World Bank between 1998 and 2003. He has written for the ''New York Times'', the ''Financial Times'', the ''Wall Street Journal'', and the ''Washington Post''. In 2010 and 2011, he was named by ''Foreign Policy'' magazine on its list of top global thinkers. From 2017-2018, Collier was the academic co-director of the LSE-Oxford Commission on State Fragility, Growth, and Development, and was a founding member of the International Growth Centre's Council on State Fragility. Early life and educ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uhuru Movement
The African People's Socialist Party (APSP) is a pan-Africanist political party in the United States. APSP leads its sister organization, the Uhuru Movement (pronounced , Swahili for "freedom"). Both APSP and Uhuru formed in 1972 from the merger of three prior Black Power organizations. APSP supports reparations for slavery in the United States, African socialism, and African internationalism. Notable APSP members include Omali Yeshitela, who has been APSP chairman since 1972. In 2024, four leading APSP members, including Yeshitela, were convicted of conspiring to act as unregistered foreign agents of the Russian government but were found not guilty of acting as agents of Russia. They cooperated with Alexander Ionov, head of the Anti-Globalization Movement of Russia. They were sentenced to probation and community service. Ideology The APSP is an African internationalist and African socialist organization." APSP's stated goals are "to keep the Black Power Movement ali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubuntu (ideology)
Ubuntu (; meaning in some Bantu languages, such as Zulu) describes a set of closely related Bantu African-origin value systems that emphasize the interconnectedness of individuals with their surrounding societal and physical worlds. "Ubuntu" is sometimes translated as "I am because we are" (also "I am because you are"), or "humanity towards others" ( Zulu '). In Xhosa, the latter term is used, but is often meant in a more philosophical sense to mean "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity". Different names in other Bantu languages Although the most popular term referring to the philosophy today is "ubuntu" (Zulu language, South Africa), the philosophy is believed to stretch back to the beginning of proto-Bantu language and has many other names in other Bantu languages. Definitions There are various definitions of the word "Ubuntu". The most recent definition was provided by the ''African Journal of Social Work'' (''AJSW''). The journal defined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Vijiji
Operation Vijiji (''Operation Villagisation'') was an exercise in social engineering carried out in post-colonial Tanzania in 1973. Through its socialist approach of ujamaa, Tanzania had carried out a voluntary process of rural collectivization of property and communal ownership of agriculture. From 1973 to 1976, Tanzania sought to implement these goals through the forced villagization process of Operation Vijiji. History The Tanzanian socialist approach of ujamaa focused on collectivizing ownership of property and communal organization of agriculture in the Tanzanian countryside. This re-organization of the countryside began on a voluntary and experimental basis. From 1973 to 1975, these goals were pursued through the forced villagization process of Operation Vijiji. Operation Vijiji involved the relocation, sometimes forced, of many thousands of rural Tanzanians to ''Ujamaa'' villages in order to facilitate communal farming and common services. The intention was that the who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanganyika Territory
Tanganyika was a colonial territory in East Africa which was administered by the United Kingdom in various forms from 1916 until 1961. It was initially administered under military occupation. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a League of Nations mandate under British rule. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations Trust Territories, United Nations trust territory. It bordered British East Africa to the North East. Before World War I, Tanganyika formed part of the German colony of German East Africa. It was gradually occupied by forces from the British Empire and Belgian Congo during the East African Campaign (World War I), East Africa Campaign, although German resistance continued until 1918. After this, the League of Nations formalised control of the area by the UK, who renamed it "Tanganyika". The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of World War II after which it was held as a United Nations trust territory. In 1961, Tang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distributism
Distributism is an economic theory asserting that the world's productive assets should be widely owned rather than concentrated. Developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, distributism was based upon Catholic social teaching principles, especially those of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical ''Rerum novarum'' (1891) and Pope Pius XI in ''Quadragesimo anno'' (1931). It has influenced Anglo Christian Democratic movements, and has been recognized as one of many influences on the social market economy. Distributism views ''laissez-faire'' capitalism and state socialism as equally flawed and exploitative, due to their extreme concentration of ownership. Instead, it favours small independent craftsmen and producers; or, if that is not possible, economic mechanisms such as cooperatives and member-owned mutual organization, mutual organisations, as well as Small and medium-sized enterprises, small to medium enterprises and vigorous competition law, anti-trust laws to restrain o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
