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Spike-in Controls
Spike-in controls or spike-ins are known quantities of molecules—such as oligonucleotide sequences (RNA, DNA), proteins, or metabolites—added to a biological sample for more accurate quantitative estimation of the molecule of interest across samples and batches. Spike-ins are particularly used in high-throughput sequencing assays, where they act as an internal reference to monitor and normalize technical and biological biases introduced during sample processing such as library preparation, handling, and measurement. Spike-ins can adjust for specific technical biases and enable accurate estimation of the endogenous molecules of interest, resulting in improved data quality and standardization across different samples or experiments. Spike-ins can be synthetic or ''exogenous'' material (not originally part of the sample). In sequencing-based assays, exogenous material is typically derived from the genome of a different species such as Drosophila melanogaster ''Drosophila melano ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oligonucleotide Sequence
Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics. Commonly made in the laboratory by solid-phase chemical synthesis, these small fragments of nucleic acids can be manufactured as single-stranded molecules with any user-specified sequence, and so are vital for artificial gene synthesis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, molecular cloning and as molecular probes. In nature, oligonucleotides are usually found as small RNA molecules that function in the regulation of gene expression (e.g. microRNA), or are degradation intermediates derived from the breakdown of larger nucleic acid molecules. Oligonucleotides are characterized by the sequence of nucleotide residues that make up the entire molecule. The length of the oligonucleotide is usually denoted by " -mer" (from Greek ''meros'', "part"). For example, an oligonucleotide of six nucleotides (nt) is a hexamer, while one of 25 nt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |