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Shinjitai
are the simplified forms of kanji used in Japan since the promulgation of the Tōyō Kanji List in 1946. Some of the new forms found in ''shinjitai'' are also found in simplified Chinese characters, but ''shinjitai'' is generally not as extensive in the scope of its modification. ''Shinjitai'' were created by reducing the number of strokes in '' kyūjitai'' ("old character form") or , which is unsimplified kanji (usually similar to traditional Chinese characters). This simplification was achieved through a process (similar to that of simplified Chinese) of either replacing the ''onpu'' (, "sound mark") indicating the ''On'' reading with another ''onpu'' of the same ''On'' reading with fewer strokes, or replacing a complex component of a character with a simpler one. There have been a few stages of simplifications made since the 1950s, but the only changes that became official were the changes in the Jōyō Kanji List in 1981 and 2010. Background The following forms were es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Han Unification
Han unification is an effort by the authors of Unicode and the Universal Character Set to map multiple character sets of the Han characters of the so-called CJK languages into a single set of unified characters. Han characters are a feature shared in common by written Chinese ( hanzi), Japanese (kanji), Korean (hanja) and Vietnamese (chữ Hán). Modern Chinese, Japanese and Korean typefaces typically use regional or historical variants of a given Han character. In the formulation of Unicode, an attempt was made to unify these variants by considering them as allographsdifferent glyphs representing the same "grapheme" or orthographic unit hence, "Han unification", with the resulting character repertoire sometimes contracted to Unihan. Nevertheless, many characters have regional variants assigned to different code points, such as Traditional (U+500B) versus Simplified (U+4E2A). Rationale and controversy The Unicode Standard details the principles of Han unificat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kanji
are logographic Chinese characters, adapted from Chinese family of scripts, Chinese script, used in the writing of Japanese language, Japanese. They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese and are still used, along with the subsequently-derived Syllabary, syllabic scripts of and . The characters have Japanese pronunciations; most have two, with one based on the Chinese sound. A few characters were invented in Japan by constructing character components derived from other Chinese characters. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan made its own efforts to simplify the characters, now known as , by a process similar to China's simplified Chinese characters, simplification efforts, with the intention to increase literacy among the general public. Since the 1920s, the Japanese government has published character lists periodically to help direct the education of its citizenry through the myriad Chinese characters that exist. There are nearly 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ryakuji
In Japanese language, ''Ryakuji'' ( "abbreviated characters", or ''hissha ryakuji'', meaning "handwritten abbreviated characters") are colloquial simplifications of kanji. Status Ryakuji are not covered in the Kanji Kentei, nor are they officially recognized (most ryakuji are not present in Unicode). However, some abbreviated forms of hyōgaiji (, characters not included in the tōyō or jōyō kanji lists) included in the JIS standards which conform to the shinjitai simplifications are included in Level pre-1 and above of the Kanji Kentei (e.g., →, →), as well as some other allowances for alternate ways of writing radicals and alternate forms. Some ryakuji were adopted as shinjitai. Some simplifications are commonly used as special Japanese typographic symbols. These include: * , the kanji iteration mark, from , a variant of ; * , the vertical form, from ; * the hiragana and katakana iteration marks, and , generic strokes; * , ''shime,'' simplification of ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyūjitai
''Kyūjitai'' () are the traditional forms of kanji (Chinese written characters used in Japanese writing). Their simplified counterparts are '' shinjitai'' (). Some of the simplified characters arose centuries ago and were in everyday use in both China and Japan, but they were considered inelegant, even uncouth. After World War II, simplified character forms were made official in both these countries. However, in Japan fewer and less drastic simplifications were made. An example is the character for "electric", which is still the traditional form of in Japan, but has been simplified to in mainland China (pronounced "diàn" in Chinese, and "den" in Japanese). Prior to the promulgation of the ''tōyō'' kanji list in 1946, ''kyūjitai'' were known as ''seiji'' () or ''seijitai'' (). Even after ''kyūjitai'' were officially marked for discontinuation with the promulgation of the ''tōyō'' kanji list, they were used in print frequently into the 1950s due to logistical delays i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simplified Chinese Characters
Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized Chinese characters, character sets widely used to write the Chinese language, with the other being traditional characters. Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore, while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Simplification of a component—either a character or a sub-component called a Radical (Chinese characters), radical—usually involves either a reduction in its total number of Chinese character strokes, strokes, or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the radical used in the traditional character is simplified to to form the simplified charac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyūjitai
''Kyūjitai'' () are the traditional forms of kanji (Chinese written characters used in Japanese writing). Their simplified counterparts are '' shinjitai'' (). Some of the simplified characters arose centuries ago and were in everyday use in both China and Japan, but they were considered inelegant, even uncouth. After World War II, simplified character forms were made official in both these countries. However, in Japan fewer and less drastic simplifications were made. An example is the character for "electric", which is still the traditional form of in Japan, but has been simplified to in mainland China (pronounced "diàn" in Chinese, and "den" in Japanese). Prior to the promulgation of the ''tōyō'' kanji list in 1946, ''kyūjitai'' were known as ''seiji'' () or ''seijitai'' (). Even after ''kyūjitai'' were officially marked for discontinuation with the promulgation of the ''tōyō'' kanji list, they were used in print frequently into the 1950s due to logistical delays i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tōyō Kanji
The are those kanji listed on the , which was released by the Japanese on 16 November 1946, following a reform of kanji characters of Chinese origin in the Japanese language. The intention of the list was to declare which kanji could be used in official government documents. The 1,850-character list was not meant to be exhaustive, as many characters that were in common use at the time, and are today, were not included. It was meant as a baseline for satisfactory functional literacy in Japanese at a secondary education level, as all of the listed characters were to be taught nationwide in compulsory education. They were replaced in 1981 by the kanji, which initially included 1,945 characters, but was expanded to 2,136 characters in 2010 following several revisions. Reform Thousands of kanji characters were in use in various writing systems, leading to great difficulties for those learning written Japanese. Additionally, several characters had identical meanings but were w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traditional Chinese Characters
Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to written Chinese, write Chinese languages. In Taiwan, the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education (Taiwan), Ministry of Education and standardized in the ''Standard Form of National Characters''. These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various Chinese family of scripts, countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variant Chinese characters, variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extended Shinjitai
is the extension of the ''shinjitai'' (officially simplified kanji). They are the simplified versions of some of the . They are unofficial characters; the official forms of these ''hyōgaiji'' are still ''kyūjitai'' (traditional characters). Simplified forms When the 1,850 character-long ''tōyō kanji'' list was produced in 1949, many characters were simplified from their original forms, and the new simpler forms became the standard kanji used in Japanese writing. For instance, the characters , , and became , , and , respectively. The ''jōyō kanji'' list, issued in 1981, contained additional simplifications such as , , and becoming , , and . In addition, the character , which had already been included during the formation of the ''tōyō kanji'' list, became . A total of 357 characters were reformed from kyūjitai (old character form) to become ''shinjitai'' (new character form) when the ''jōyō kanji'' list was created (, , and were merged into a single character: , br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Source Han Sans
Source Han Sans is a sans-serif East Asian gothic typeface, gothic typeface family created by Adobe Inc., Adobe and Google. It is also released by Google under the Noto fonts project as Noto Sans CJK. The family includes seven weights, and supports Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Japanese and Korean. It also includes Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters from the Source Sans family. Design The Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters are taken from the Source Sans Pro family, and adjusted to fit in with Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) text. For example, in the normal weight Latin and Latin-like characters are scaled to 115% of their original size, hence they appear larger than Source Sans Pro at the same Point (typography), point size. For the Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters, the underlying design was designed by Ryoko Nishizuka from Adobe Inc., Adobe. Multiple type foundries drew the glyphs for different languages based on the designs: Changzhou Sinotype and Arph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
