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Schultheiß
In medieval Germany, the ''Schultheiß'' () was the head of a municipality (akin to today's office of mayor), a '' Vogt'' or an executive official of the ruler. As official (''villicus'') it was his duty to order his assigned village or county (''villicatio'') to pay the taxes and perform the services due to the ruler. The name originates from this function: ''Schuld'' 'debt' + ''heißen'' 'to order'. Later, the title was also used for the head of a town (''Stadtschultheiß'') or village (''Dorfschultheiß''). The office held by a ''Schultheiß'' was called ''Scholtisei'', ''Scholtisse'' (around 1400), ''Schultessy'', ''Schultissīe'', ''Schultissei'' (15th century); Latinized forms: ''sculdasia'' (10th century), ''scultetia'' (13th century). The title first appears in the '' Edictum Rothari'' of 643 AD, where it is spelled in post-Roman Latin as ''sculdahis''. This title reappears again in the Lombard laws of Liutprand in 723 AD. The title was originally spelled in Old High G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schout
In Dutch language, Dutch-speaking areas, a ''schout'' was a local official appointed to carry out administrative, law enforcement and prosecutorial tasks. The office was abolished with the introduction of administrative reforms during the Napoleonic period. Functions The exact nature of the office varied from place to place and changed over the course of time. In general, a ''schout'' was appointed by the lord (''heer'') of a domain (''heerlijkheid'') and acted in the lord's name in the local day-to-day administration of the domain, especially the administration of justice. A ''schout'' had three main functions: administration, law enforcement and criminal prosecution. First, the ''schout'' was responsible for many local administrative matters in the town or heerlijkheid. The ''schout'' presided in the meetings of the ''schepenen''. Together, the ''schout'' and ''schepenen'' made up what we would call the "town council" today. He ensured decrees were published. He sometimes repr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schultz
Schultz is a German and Dutch surname derived from ''Schultheiß'', meaning village headman or constable/sheriff in the medieval sense (akin to today's office of mayor). It has many variations, such as Schuldt, Schulte, Schulten, Schultes, Schultheis, Schultheiss, Schultheiß, Schultze, Schulz, Schulze and Schulzke. Adapted spellings in other languages include Shultz, Å ulc and Szulc. In Silesia, the "u" was often replaced by "o"; see also Scholz and Scholtz. Notable people with this form of the surname include: People * Albert Schultz (born 1963), Canadian actor * Alby Schultz (1939–2015), Australian politician * Ana MarÃa Schultz (born 1935), Argentine freestyle swimmer * Andrew Schultz (born 1960), Australian classical composer * Arthur Schultz (1933–2011), American politician * Barney Schultz (1926–2015), American baseball player * Bill Schultz (producer) (born 1960), American animation producer * Bill Schultz (Fender) (1926–2006), American engineer and bus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schultheiss (surname)
Schultheiss is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Adrian Schultheiss Adrian Alexander Konstantin Schultheiss (born 11 August 1988) is a Swedish former competitive figure skater. He is the 2006 Swedish Figure Skating Championships, Swedish national champion, the 2004–2005 Swedish junior national champion, and the ... (born 1988), Swedish figure skater * Christina Schultheiß (1918-2016), German civil engineer, best known for her involvement in the Protestant church. * Hans Schultheiss (1921–2013), Swiss rower * Herman J. Schulteis (1818–1889), Wisconsin politician * Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt (1678–1753), German architect * Louis A. Schultheiss (1925–2014), American academic See also * {{surname, Schultheiss de:Schultheiß (Begriffsklärung) pl:Schultheiss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
șoltuz
Șoltuz is a Romanian-language surname. It is an occupational surname ultimately derived from the German title of "Schultheiß In medieval Germany, the ''Schultheiß'' () was the head of a municipality (akin to today's office of mayor), a '' Vogt'' or an executive official of the ruler. As official (''villicus'') it was his duty to order his assigned village or county ( ...". Notable people with the surname include: * George Șoltuz (born 1977), former Romanian football player * Nicolae Șoltuz (1864-1940), Bessarabian politician See also * {{surname Romanian-language surnames Occupational surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schulz
Schulz is a common German language, German family name from Germany, particularly Northern Germany. The word ''Schulz'' originates from the local official title of Schultheiß or ''Schulze'', meaning head of town/village (akin to today's office of mayor) or judge. The final "e" of Schulze was often dropped as early as the 15th century. In East Central German, East Central Germany and Silesia, the "u" was often replaced by "o"; see also Scholz (surname), Scholz and Scholtz. Despite initially being a mostly Germanic surname, it was later forced upon onto Ashkenazi Jews. This was due to a variety of factors, including such as the increased migration of Jews into Germany during the mediæval period, in no small part due to their expulsions from Italy, Spain, France, and other European states. People named Schulz * Andrew Schulz (born 1983), comedian * Axel Schulz, (born 1968), German boxer * Bernd Schulz, footballer * Bruno Schulz, Polish Jewish writer * Charles M. Schulz (1922–2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scultetus
Scultetus or Sculteti is the Latinized form of German family names Schultheiß, Schulze, Schulte, etc. Notable people of the surname include: * Abraham Scultetus (1566–1625), German professor of theology * Bartholomäus Scultetus (1540–1614), mayor of Görlitz * Hans Robert Scultetus, German meteorologist and SS officer * (1595–1645), German surgeon See also *Scultetus binder, a kind of bandage * Praetorius * {{surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sołectwo
A sołectwo ( Polish plural: ''sołectwa'') is an administrative unit in Poland, an optional subdivision of a gmina The gmina (Polish: , plural ''gminy'' ) is the basic unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality. , there were 2,479 gminy throughout the country, encompassing over 43,000 villages. 940 gminy include cities and tow .... The actions and organs of the sołectwo are decided by the gmina council. On 31 December 2018 Poland had 40 740 sołectwa. Government and politics The legislative organ in a sołectwo is a (village meeting) and the executive is a sołtys. A sołectwo council (''rada sołecka'') provides support to the sołtys. The sołtys and the council are elected by permanent citizens of the sołectwo. A zebranie wiejskie is an example of a direct democracy, as the most important concerns of the citizens are addressed. Citizens' participation in these events varies significantly. The national average is 15%. From 2010, so� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sołtys
A sołtys () is a head of a sołectwo elected by its permanent citizens in a village meeting (''zebranie wiejskie''). According to data from 2010, Poland had 40 thousand sołtys, 30.7% of which were women. Role and powers Since 1990, a sołtys is an executive of a sołectwo that is supported by a sołectwo council. The detailed powers, duties and responsibilities of the sołtys are decided in the statute made by the gmina council. The sołtys can use the legal protection of a civil servant in his favour. Duties A sołtys has the duty to: *Represent the sołectwo *Organise village meetings *Introduce laws made by the gmina to the sołectwo *Collect taxes *Participate in gmina council meetings History The office of the sołtys was introduced during the Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It varied among countries. In Congress Poland, a sołtys was an executive branch of a gromada. He was supposed to guard order in the city. In Congress Poland, a gmina was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichsvogt
''Reichsvogt'' (; ''Imperial Advocate'') was the term for the office of a ''Vogt'' that was nominated by the king of the Holy Roman Empire as his representative. Especially in what is now Switzerland, the ''Reichsvogt'' was a very influential position in the High Middle Ages. Function and rights The ''Reichsvogt'' was patron, chairman of the blood court and administrator of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire acting with imperial rights. These included the territory under the direct reign of the emperor, and the imperial cities and imperial monasteries, among them medieval Zürich and the Fraumünster Abbey, that were directly subordinate to the emperor, and not to individual dominions or churches and monasteries. Switzerland In addition to the imperial cities of Basel, Bern, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Solothurn and Zürich, as well as the imperial monasteries , Einsiedeln, Fraumünster and Grossmünster in Zürich, and the St. Gallen Abbey territories, the ''Reichsvogt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vogt
An , sometimes simply advocate, (German, ), or (French, ), was a type of medieval office holder, particularly important in the Holy Roman Empire, who was delegated some of the powers and functions of a major feudal lord, or for an institution such as an abbey. They typically had responsibility for the "comital" functions which defined the office of early medieval "counts", such as taxation, recruitment of militias, and maintaining law and order. This type of office could apply to specific agricultural lands, villages, castles, and even cities. In some regions, advocates came to be governors of large provinces, sometimes distinguished by terms such as . In different parts of medieval Europe, the term advocate developed different meanings, and other terms were also sometimes used to represent similar offices. For example, Anglo-Norman comital functions for larger districts were executed by vicomtes in Normandy, and sheriffs in England. In contrast, the or advocate as an offic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayor
In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a Municipal corporation, municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated. Depending on the system chosen, a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government, may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power, or may play a solely ceremonial role. A mayor's duties and responsibilities may be to appoint and oversee municipal managers and employees, provide basic governmental services to constituents, and execute the laws and ordinances passed by a municipal governing body (or mandated by a state, territorial or national governing body). Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public, or selection by an elected governing council or board. The term ''mayor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ealdorman
Ealdorman ( , ) ''Collins English Dictionary''. was an office in the Government in Anglo-Saxon England, government of Anglo-Saxon England. During the 11th century, it evolved into the title of earl. Early use The Old English word ''ealdorman'' was applied to high-ranking men. It was equated with several Latin titles, including , , , and . The title could be applied to kings of weaker territories who had submitted to a greater power. For example, a Anglo-Saxon charters, charter of King Offa of Mercia described Ealdred of Hwicce as "''Ecgberht, King of Wessex#Subregulus, subregulus''... ''et dux'' ()." In Wessex, the king appointed ealdormen to lead individual shires. Under Alfred the Great (), there were nine or ten ealdormen. Each West Saxon shire had one, and Kent had two (one for East Kent and o ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
