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Return Migration
Return migration refers to the individual or family decision of a migrant to leave a host country and to return permanently to the country of origin. Research topics include the return migration process, motivations for returning, the experiences returnees encounter, and the impacts of return migration on both the host and the home countries. The exact numbers are debated, but Mark Wyman concludes: "The totals are so enormous: at least one-third of the 52 million Europeans who left Europe between 1824 and 1924 returned permanently to their homelands." "Return migration" can be contrasted with repatriation, which is imposed by the host government on a specified group of immigrants. It should also be distinguished from circular migration, in which migrants repeatedly travel between origin and destination countries, for example to plant and harvest crops each season. Motivations Return migration to the original home by migrants living in their new home can be motivated by numero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Repatriation
Repatriation is the return of a thing or person to its or their country of origin, respectively. The term may refer to non-human entities, such as converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country, as well as the return of military personnel to their place of origin following a war. It also applies to diplomatic envoys, international officials as well as expatriates and migrants in time of international crisis. For refugees, asylum seekers and illegal migrants, repatriation can mean either voluntary return or deportation. Repatriation of humans Voluntary vs. forced return Voluntary return is the return of eligible persons, such as refugees, to their country of origin or citizenship based on freely expressed willingness to such return. Voluntary return, unlike expulsion and deportation, which are actions of sovereign states, is defined as a personal right under specific conditions described in various international instruments, such as the OAU Convent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Push And Pull Factors In Migration
Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area. Factors Push * poverty * Political fear of persecution * Poor medical care * Loss of wealth * Natural disasters * Death threats * Desire for more political or religious freedom * Pollution * Poor housing * Bullying * Discrimination * * Contamination * War * Sickness Pull * Job opportunities * Higher benefits * Better living conditions * Having more political or religious freedom * Enjoyment * Education * Better medical care * Attractive climates * Security * Family links * Better areas for children Criticism Sociology professor Hein de Haas has cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refugees
A refugee, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), is a person "forced to flee their own country and seek safety in another country. They are unable to return to their own country because of feared persecution as a result of who they are, what they believe in or say, or because of armed conflict, violence or serious public disorder." Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the UNHCR if they formally make a claim for asylum. Internally Displaced People (IDPs) are often called refugees, but they are distinguished from refugees because they have not crossed an international border, although their reasons for leaving their home may be the same as those of refugees. Etymology and usage In English, the term ''refugee'' derives from the root word ''refuge'', from Old French ''refuge'', meaning "hiding place". It refers to "shelter or protection from danger or distress", from Latin ''fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Of Movement
Freedom of movement, mobility rights, or the right to travel is a human rights concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the territory of a country,Jérémiee Gilbert, ''Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights'' (2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence". and to leave the country and return to it. The right includes not only visiting places, but changing the place where the individual resides or works.Kees Groenendijk, Elspeth Guild, and Sergio Carrera, ''Illiberal Liberal States: Immigration, Citizenship and Integration in the EU'' (2013), p. 206: "[F]reedom of movement did not only amount to the right to travel freely, to take up residence and to work, but also involved the enjoyment of a legal status characterised by security of residence, the right to family reunification and the rig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Return Diasporas
Return may refer to: In business, economics, and finance * Return on investment (ROI), the financial gain after an expense. * Rate of return, the financial term for the profit or loss derived from an investment * Tax return, a blank document or template supplied by a government for use in the reporting of tax information * Product return, the process of bringing back merchandise to a retailer for a refund or exchange * Returns (economics), the benefit distributed to the owner of a factor of production * Abnormal return, denoting the difference in behaviour between one stock and the overall stock market * Taxes, where tax returns are forms submitted to taxation authorities In technology * Return (architecture), the receding edge of a flat face * Carriage return, a key on an alphanumeric keyboard commonly equated with the "enter" key * Return statement, a computer programming statement that ends a subroutine and resumes execution where the subroutine was called * Return code, a meth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Migration Letters
''Migration Letters'' is an international triannual (Jan.-May-Sep.) peer-reviewed academic journal of migration studies published by Transnational Press London since 2004. Topics covered range from internal migration to transnational mobility and from voluntary to forced migration. ''Migration Letters'' is indexed and abstracted by the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) is a bibliography for social science and interdisciplinary research. The database focuses on the social science disciplines of anthropology, economics, politics and sociology, and rela .... The current co-editors are Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeffrey Cohen, Elli Heikkilä, and Carla De Tona. Notable contributors to the journal include Ron J. Johnston ( Victoria Medal in Geography, 1990), Caroline Brettell, Gordon F. De Jong, Philip L. Martin and Thomas Faist. Thomas Faist (2007) Transnationalisation and Development(s): Towards a North-South Pers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies
The ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'' is an academic journal published by Routledge. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal had a 2018 impact factor of 2.297, ranking it 2nd out of 18 journals in the category "Ethnic Studies" and 4th out of 29 journals in the category "Demography". History It was previously called ''New Community''. It was first published in 1971 as the quarterly journal of the Community Relations Commission, predecessor of the U.K.’s Commission for Racial Equality. Sheila Patterson edited New Community from 1971 until 1988 when Malcolm Cross was appointed editor. In 1994 the journal was given a comparative European focus and was re-launched in 1998 with an international editorial board under its current title. In 2000 JEMS was relocated to the Centre for Migration Research at the University of Sussex The University of Sussex is a public university, public research university, research university located in Falmer, East Suss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Migration Review
''International Migration Review'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Center for Migration Studies of New York. The journal was established in 1964 as ''International Migration Digest''. The current editor-in-chief is Jamie Winders, professor of sociology at Syracuse University. The journal covers all aspects of international population movements, including human migration, ethnic group relations, and refugee movements. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2016 Impact Factor of 2.195 and a five-year Impact Factor of 2.114. See also * Human migration * Migrant literature * Repatriation * Return migration Return migration refers to the individual or family decision of a migrant to leave a host country and to return permanently to the country of origin. Research topics include the return migration process, motivations for returning, the experience ... References External links * {{Of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betty Boyd Caroli
Betty Boyd Caroli is an American historian and biographer specializing in the lives and roles of American first ladies, and also about certain aspects of immigration. Caroli was raised in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, and earned a bachelor's degree at Oberlin College. She later earned a master's degree in mass communication at the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. in American civilization from New York University. She met her husband, oboist Livio Caroli, in Venice, Italy, while she was traveling through Europe. She taught women's studies and immigration at Kingsborough Community College of the City University of New York, before retiring to write full-time. Caroli and her husband live in New York City. '' |
Right Of Return
The right of return is a principle in international law which guarantees everyone's right of return to, or re-entry to, their country of citizenship. The right of return is part of the broader human rights concept of freedom of movement and is also related to the legal concept of nationality. While many states afford their citizens the right of abode, the right of return is not restricted to citizenship or nationality in the formal sense. It allows stateless persons and for those born outside their country to return for the first time, so long as they have maintained a "genuine and effective link". The right is formulated in several modern treaties and conventions, most notably in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the 1948 Fourth Geneva Convention. Legal scholars have argued that one or more of these international human rights instruments have attained the status of customary international law and tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internally Displaced Persons
An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced displacement, forced to leave their home but who remains within their country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the Refugee#Definitions, legal definitions of a refugee. In 2022, it was estimated there were 70.5 million IDPs worldwide. The first year for which global statistics on IDPs are available was in 1989. the countries with the largest IDP populations were Ukraine (8 million), Syria (7.6 million), Ethiopia (5.5 million), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (5.2 million), Colombia (4.9 million), Yemen (4.3 million), Afghanistan (3.8 million), Iraq (3.6 million), Sudan (2.2 million), South Sudan (1.9 million), Pakistan (1.4 million), Nigeria (1.2 million) and Somalia (1.1 million). More than 85% of Palestinians in Gaza Strip, Gaza (1.9 million) were internally displaced as of January 2024. The United Nations and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circular Migration
Circular migration or repeat migration is the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment. It represents an established pattern of population mobility, whether cross-country or rural-urban. There are several benefits associated with this migration pattern, including gains in financial capital, human capital, and social capital. There are also costs associated with circular migration, such as brain drain, poor working conditions, forced labor, and the inability to transfer acquired skills to home economies. Socially, there are strong connections to gender, health outcomes, development, poverty, and global immigration policy. Overview Definition The term "circular migration" describes the fluid movement of people between areas, usually for the purpose of employment.International Organization for Migration. 2008. World Migration 2008: Managing Labor Mobility in the Evolving Global Economy. IOM W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
