Push and pull factors in migration according to
Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that
demographers use to analyze
human migration
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another ( ...
from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.
Factors
Push
* poverty
* Political fear of persecution
* Poor medical care
* Loss of wealth
* Natural disasters
* Death threats
* Desire for more political or religious freedom
*
Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause harm. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the component ...
* Poor housing
* Bullying
* Discrimination
*
*
Contamination
Contamination is the presence of a constituent, impurity, or some other undesirable element that renders something unsuitable, unfit or harmful for the physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc.
Types of contamination
Within the scien ...
* War
* Sickness
Pull
* Job opportunities
* Higher
benefits
* Better living conditions
* Having more political or religious freedom
* Enjoyment
* Education
* Better medical care
* Attractive climates
* Security
* Family links
* Better areas for children
Criticism
Sociology professor
Hein de Haas has criticized the push-pull model for its inability to explain real world migration patterns.
See also
*
Human migration
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another ( ...
*
Return migration
Return migration refers to the individual or family decision of a migrant to leave a host country and to return permanently to the country of origin. Research topics include the return migration process, motivations for returning, the experience ...
*
Urbanization
Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from Rural area, rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. ...
Notes
Further reading
* Azunre, Gideon Abagna, Richard Azerigyik, and Pearl Puwurayire. "Deciphering the drivers of informal urbanization by Ghana's urban poor through the lens of the push-pull theory." ''InPlaning Forum'' Vol. 18. (2021).
online* Dorigo, Guido, and Waldo Tobler. "Push-pull migration laws." ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 73.1 (1983): 1-1
online* Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India." ''PloS one'' 14.4 (2019): e0214511
online* Khalid, Bilal, and Mariusz Urbański. "Approaches to understanding migration: a mult-country analysis of the push and pull migration trend." ''Economics & Sociology'' 14.4 (2021): 242–267. DOI:10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/14
*{{cite journal , jstor=2060063 , title=A Theory of Migration , journal=Demography , first=Everett S. , last=Lee , year=1966 , volume=3 , issue=1 , pages=47–57 , doi=10.2307/2060063 , s2cid=46976641 , doi-access=free
* Yaro, Joseph A. "Development as push and pull factor in migration." ''Migration & Entwicklung'' (2008): 16
online
Freedom of movement
Refugees
Repatriation
Human migration