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Potassium Hydrogen Iodate
An iodate is the polyatomic anion with the formula . It is the most common form of iodine in nature, as it comprises the major iodine-containing ores. Iodate salts are often colorless. They are the salts of iodic acid. Structure Iodate is pyramidal in structure. The O–I–O angles range from 97° to 105°, somewhat smaller than the O–Cl–O angles in chlorate. Reactions Redox Iodate is one of several oxyanions of iodine, and has an oxidation number of +5. It participates in several redox reactions, such as the iodine clock reaction. Iodate show no tendency to disproportionate to periodate and iodide, in contrast to the situation for chlorate. Iodate is reduced by sulfite: :6HSO3- + 2IO3- -> 2I- + 6HSO4- Iodate oxidizes iodide: :5I- + IO3- + 3H2SO4 -> 3I2 + 3H2O + 3SO4^2- Similarly, chlorate oxidizes iodide to iodate: :I- + ClO3- -> Cl- + IO3- Iodate is also obtained by reducing a periodate with a sulfide. The byproduct of the reaction is a sulfoxide. Acid-base Iodat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iodate Anion
An iodate is the polyatomic anion with the formula . It is the most common form of iodine in nature, as it comprises the major iodine-containing ores. Iodate salts are often colorless. They are the salts of iodic acid. Structure Iodate is pyramidal in structure. The O–I–O angles range from 97° to 105°, somewhat smaller than the O–Cl–O angles in chlorate. Reactions Redox Iodate is one of several oxyanions of iodine, and has an oxidation number of +5. It participates in several redox reactions, such as the iodine clock reaction. Iodate show no tendency to disproportionate to periodate and iodide, in contrast to the situation for chlorate. Iodate is reduced by sulfite: :6HSO3- + 2IO3- -> 2I- + 6HSO4- Iodate oxidizes iodide: :5I- + IO3- + 3H2SO4 -> 3I2 + 3H2O + 3SO4^2- Similarly, chlorate oxidizes iodide to iodate: :I- + ClO3- -> Cl- + IO3- Iodate is also obtained by reducing a periodate with a sulfide Sulfide (British English also sulphide) is an ino ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfoxide
In organic chemistry, a sulfoxide, also called a sulphoxide, is an organosulfur compound containing a sulfinyl () functional group attached to two carbon atoms. It is a polar functional group. Sulfoxides are oxidized derivatives of sulfides. Examples of important sulfoxides are alliin, a precursor to the compound that gives freshly crushed garlic its aroma, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a common solvent. Structure and bonding Sulfoxides feature relatively short S–O distances. In DMSO, the S–O distance is 1.531 Å. The sulfur center is pyramidal; the sum of the angles at sulfur is about 306°.. Sulfoxides are generally represented with the structural formula R−S(=O)−R', where R and R' are organic groups. The bond between the sulfur and oxygen atoms is intermediate of a dative bond and a polarized double bond. The double-bond resonance form implies 10 electrons around sulfur (10-S-3 in N-X-L notation). The double-bond character of the S−O bond may be accoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lautarite
Calcium iodate is any of two inorganic compounds with the formula Ca(IO3)2(H2O)x, where x = 0 or 1. Both are colourless salts that occur as the minerals lautarite and bruggenite, respectively. A third mineral form of calcium iodate is dietzeite, a salt containing chromate with the formula Ca2(IO3)2CrO4. These minerals are the most common compounds containing iodate. Production and uses Lautarite, described as ''the'' most important mineral source of iodine, is mined in the Atacama Desert. Processing of the ore entails reduction of its aqueous extracts with sodium bisulfite to give sodium iodide. This comproportionation reaction is a major source of the sodium iodide. Calcium iodate can be produced by the anodic oxidation of calcium iodide or by passing chlorine into a hot solution of lime in which iodine has been dissolved. Calcium iodate is used as an iodine supplement in chicken feed. Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) is a more typical source of nutritional iodine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caliche
Caliche () is a sedimentary rock, a hardened natural cement of calcium carbonate that binds other materials—such as gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It occurs worldwide, in aridisol and mollisol soil orders—generally in arid or semiarid regions, including in central and western Australia, in the Kalahari Desert, in the High Plains of the western United States, in the Sonoran Desert, Chihuahuan Desert and Mojave Desert of North America, and in eastern Saudi Arabia at Al-Hasa. Caliche is also known as calcrete or kankar (in India). It belongs to the duricrusts. The term ''caliche'' is Spanish and is originally from the Latin ''calx'', meaning lime. Caliche is generally light-colored, but can range from white to light pink to reddish-brown, depending on the impurities present. It generally occurs on or near the surface, but can be found in deeper subsoil deposits, as well. Layers vary from a few inches to feet thick, and multiple layers can exist in a single location. A cali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acid
In computer science, ACID ( atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) is a set of properties of database transactions intended to guarantee data validity despite errors, power failures, and other mishaps. In the context of databases, a sequence of database operations that satisfies the ACID properties (which can be perceived as a single logical operation on the data) is called a ''transaction''. For example, a transfer of funds from one bank account to another, even involving multiple changes such as debiting one account and crediting another, is a single transaction. In 1983, Andreas Reuter and Theo Härder coined the acronym ''ACID'', building on earlier work by Jim Gray who named atomicity, consistency, and durability, but not isolation, when characterizing the transaction concept. These four properties are the major guarantees of the transaction paradigm, which has influenced many aspects of development in database systems. According to Gray and Reuter, the IBM In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Double Salt
A double salt is a salt that contains two or more different cations or anions. Examples of double salts include alums (with the general formula ) and Tutton's salts (with the general formula ). Other examples include potassium sodium tartrate, ammonium iron(II) sulfate (Mohr's salt), potassium uranyl sulfate (used to discover radioactivity) and bromlite . The fluorocarbonates contain fluoride and carbonate anions. Many coordination complexes form double salts. Double salts should not be confused with complexes. Double salts only exist in the solid. When dissolved in water, a double salt acts as a mixture of the two separate salts: it completely dissociates into simple ions while a hexaaquo complex does not; the complex ion remains unchanged. Similarly, potassium hexaiodoytterbate(II) is a complex salt and contains the discrete hexaiodoytterbate(II) ion , which remains intact in aqueous solutions. In many cases, the complex ion is indicated by square brackets " . Double salts a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radioiodine
There are 37 known isotopes of iodine (53I) from 108I to 144I; all undergo radioactive decay except 127I, which is stable. Iodine is thus a monoisotopic element. Its longest-lived radioactive isotope, 129I, has a half-life of 15.7 million years, which is far too short for it to exist as a primordial nuclide. Cosmogenic sources of 129I produce very tiny quantities of it that are too small to affect atomic weight measurements; iodine is thus also a mononuclidic element—one that is found in nature only as a single nuclide. Most 129I derived radioactivity on Earth is man-made, an unwanted long-lived byproduct of early nuclear tests and nuclear fission accidents. All other iodine radioisotopes have half-lives less than 60 days, and four of these are used as tracers and therapeutic agents in medicine. These are 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. All industrial production of radioactive iodine isotopes involves these four useful radionuclides. The isotope 135I has a half-life less than s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prophylaxis
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, consists of measures taken for the purposes of disease prevention.Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency. Leavell, H. R., & Clark, E. G. (1979). Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in his Community (3rd ed.). Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. Disease and disability are affected by environmental factors, genetic predisposition, disease agents, and lifestyle choices, and are dynamic processes which begin before individuals realize they are affected. Disease prevention relies on anticipatory actions that can be categorized as primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Each year, millions of people die of preventable deaths. A 2004 study showed that about half of all deaths in the United States in 2000 were due to preventable behaviors and exposures. Leading causes included cardiovascular disease ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Iodide
Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. It is a medication used for treating hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and for protecting the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used. In the third world it is also used for treating skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. It is a supplement used by people with low dietary intake of iodine. It is administered orally. Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and swelling of the salivary glands. Other side effects include allergic reactions, headache, goitre, and depression. While use during pregnancy may harm the baby, its use is still recommended in radiation emergencies. Potassium iodide has the chemical formula K I. Commercially it is made by mixing potassium hydroxide with iodine. Potassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Potassium iodide is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Iodate
Potassium iodate ( K I O3) is an ionic chemical compound consisting of K+ ions and IO3− ions in a 1:1 ratio. Preparation and properties Potassium iodate is an oxidizing agent and as such it can cause fires if in contact with combustible materials or reducing agents. It can be prepared by reacting a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide with iodic acid, for example: : It can also be prepared by adding iodine to a hot, concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. : Or by fusing potassium iodide with potassium chlorate, bromate or perchlorate, the melt is extracted with water and potassium iodate is isolated from the solution by crystallization: : Conditions/substances to avoid include: heat, shock, friction, combustible materials, reducing materials, aluminium, organic compounds, carbon, hydrogen peroxide and sulfides. Applications Potassium iodate is sometimes used for iodination of table salt to prevent iodine deficiency. Because iodide can be oxidize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
