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Para-Bromoamphetamine
''para''-Bromoamphetamine (PBA), also known as 4-bromoamphetamine (4-BA), is an amphetamine derivative which acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and produces stimulant effects. Another related compound is ''para''-bromomethamphetamine (PBMA) known by the codename V-111. Pharmacology PBA has been found to be a monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor, with an of 1,500nM. Neurotoxicity Like most other ''para''-substituted amphetamines, PBA can be neurotoxic and may deplete the brain of 5-hydroxyindoles for at least a week. See also * Substituted amphetamines * 4-Bromomethcathinone (4-BMC) * 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA; 4-FMP; PAL-303; "Flux"), also known as ''para''-fluoroamphetamine (PFA) is a psychoactive drug, psychoactive research chemical of the phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes. It produces stimulant a ... (4-FA) * ''para''-Chloroamphetamine (PCA) * ''para''-Iodoamphetamine (PIA) * ''para'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parachloroamphetamine
''para''-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), also known as 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA), is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and serotonergic neurotoxin of the amphetamine family. It is used in scientific research in the study of the serotonin system, as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA) at lower doses to produce serotonergic effects, and as a serotonergic neurotoxin at higher doses to produce long-lasting depletions of serotonin. PCA has also been clinically studied as an appetite suppressant and antidepressant, but findings of neurotoxicity in animals discouraged further evaluation. It has also been encountered as a designer drug, although it never achieved popularity, again perhaps due to its neurotoxicity. Effects PCA was studied clinically as an appetite suppressant and antidepressant and its effects in these studies were described. It has been said to have only slight stimulant effects and to behave more like an antidepressant than a stimulant. At doses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoaminergic Neurotoxins
A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons. Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Examples of monoamine neurotoxins include the serotonergic neurotoxins ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT); the dopaminergic neurotoxins oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine), MPTP, and methamphetamine; and the noradrenergic neurotoxins oxidopamine and DSP-4. In the case of serotonergic neurotoxins like MDMA, research suggests that simultaneous induction of serotonin and dopamine release, serotonin depletion, dopamine uptake and metabolism, hyperthermia, oxidative stress and antioxidant depletion, and/or drug metabolites may all be involved in the neurotoxicity. On the other hand, there is evidence that drug metabolites may not be involved. So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Fluoroamphetamine
4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA; 4-FMP; PAL-303; "Flux"), also known as ''para''-fluoroamphetamine (PFA) is a psychoactive drug, psychoactive research chemical of the phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes. It produces stimulant and entactogenic effects. As a recreational drug, 4-FA is sometimes sold along with related compounds such as 2-fluoroamphetamine and 4-fluoromethamphetamine. Usage 4-FA is popular in the Netherlands where it is predominantly used for its specific effects (77% of users) rather than its legal status (18%). 4-FA has become illegal since May 2017. Effects The subjective effects of 4-fluoroamphetamine include euphoria which some find similar to the effects of MDMA and amphetamine, increased energy (stimulation), mood elevation, feelings of warmth and empathy, excessive talking, bruxism, and suppressed appetite (anorexic). The general course of effects involves primarily empathogenic effects for the first few hours, which fades out as increa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Amphetamine
Substituted amphetamines, or simply amphetamines, are a chemical class, class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all derivative (chemistry), derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substitution reaction, substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents. The compounds in this class span a variety of pharmacological subclasses, including stimulants, Empathogen-entactogen, empathogens, and hallucinogens, among others. Examples of substituted amphetamines are amphetamine (itself), methamphetamine, ephedrine, cathinone, phentermine, mephentermine, tranylcypromine, bupropion, methoxyphenamine, selegiline, amfepramone, amfepramone (diethylpropion), pyrovalerone, MDMA (ecstasy), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, DOM (STP). Some of amphetamine's substituted Derivative (chemistry), derivatives occur in nature, for example in the leaves of ''Ephedra (genus), Ephedra'' and khat plants. Amphetamine w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphetamine
Amphetamine (contracted from Alpha and beta carbon, alpha-methylphenethylamine, methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity; it is also used to treat binge eating disorder in the form of its inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. It exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. ''Amphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical, the Racemic mixture, racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers in their pure amine forms. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an Performance-enhancing substance, athletic performance enhancer and Nootropic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neurotoxic
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a neurotoxin or neurotoxicant– alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a way as to cause permanent or reversible damage to nervous tissue. This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, which are cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity can result from organ transplants, radiation treatment, certain drug therapies, recreational drug use, exposure to heavy metals, bites from certain species of venomous snakes, pesticides, certain industrial cleaning solvents, fuels and certain naturally occurring substances. Symptoms may appear immediately after exposure or be delayed. They may include limb weakness or numbness, loss of memory, vision, and/or in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Para-Bromomethamphetamine
''para''-Bromomethamphetamine (PBMA; developmental code name V-111), also known as 4-bromomethamphetamine (4-BMA), is a monoaminergic drug of the amphetamine family related to ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA; 4-chloroamphetamine). It was studied by József Knoll and colleagues in the 1970s and 1980s. Pharmacology Originally thought to selectively act on serotonin, PBMA was subsequently found to act not only on serotonin but also on norepinephrine and dopamine similarly to PCA. It has been reported to produce pharmacological effects that have been said to be "somewhat similar" or "indistinguishable" to those of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and various other hallucinogens in various animal species. However, when the drug was subsequently tested in humans, it showed no hallucinogenic effects whatsoever. This is analogous to the case of PCA, which can produce the head-twitch response in rodents but is not hallucinogenic in humans. The hallucinogen-like effects of PBMA in animal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraiodoamphetamine
''para''-Iodoamphetamine (PIA), also known as 4-iodoamphetamine (4-IA), is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) and serotonergic neurotoxin of the amphetamine family related to ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics PIA acts as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA). In animal drug discrimination tests, PIA fully substitutes for MDMA and (+)-MBDB. It also has very low affinity for certain serotonin receptors, including the serotonin 5-HT1 receptor (Ki = 7,660nM) and the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor (Ki = 43,000nM). PIA has been described as having either similar serotonergic neurotoxicity as PCA or as having much weaker serotonergic neurotoxicity than PCA. Chemistry PIA, also known as 4-iodoamphetamine, is a phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative and a ''para''-halogenated amphetamine. Analogues PIA is closely related to other ''para''-halogenated amphetamines such as PCA, ''para''-bromoamphetamine (PBA), and ''para''-fluoroamphetamine (PFA). Iofetamin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Bromomethcathinone
4-Bromomethcathinone (4-BMC, Brephedrone) is a psychoactive drug and research chemical of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It acts as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, but acts more like an antidepressant than a stimulant. Halogenated cathinones, including 4-BMC, possess neurotoxic and cytotoxic properties. Legal status As of October 2015, 4-BMC is a controlled substance in China. 4-Bromomethcathinone is considered a Schedule 1 substance in Virginia. See also * 4B-MAR * 4-Chloromethcathinone * 4-Ethylmethcathinone 4-Ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC) is a recreational designer drug of the stimulant and entactogen class. It is a structural isomer of 4-MEC and 3,4-DMMC. It has been identified in many countries around the world, initially in Europe but was first found ... * ''para''-Bromomethamphetamine (PBMA) References Cathinones Designer drugs 4-Bromophenyl compounds Methamphetamines Serotonin–norepinephrine reupta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substitution Reaction
A substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group. Substitution reactions are of prime importance in organic chemistry. Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to predict the product outcome in a reaction. It also is helpful for optimizing a reaction with regard to variables such as temperature and choice of solvent. A good example of a substitution reaction is halogenation. When chlorine gas (Cl2) is irradiated, some of the molecules are split into two chlorine radicals (Cl•), whose free electrons are stron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin
Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS. Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
