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4-Bromomethcathinone
4-Bromomethcathinone (4-BMC, Brephedrone) is a psychoactive drug and research chemical of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It acts as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, but acts more like an antidepressant than a stimulant. Halogenated cathinones, including 4-BMC, possess neurotoxic and cytotoxic properties. Legal status As of October 2015, 4-BMC is a controlled substance in China. 4-Bromomethcathinone is considered a Schedule 1 substance in Virginia. See also * 4B-MAR * 4-Chloromethcathinone * 4-Ethylmethcathinone 4-Ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC) is a recreational designer drug of the stimulant and entactogen class. It is a structural isomer of 4-MEC and 3,4-DMMC. It has been identified in many countries around the world, initially in Europe but was first found ... * ''para''-Bromomethamphetamine (PBMA) References Cathinones Designer drugs 4-Bromophenyl compounds Methamphetamines Serotonin–norepinephrine reupta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cathinones
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and Empathogen-entactogen, entactogens, are chemical derivative, derivatives of cathinone. They feature a substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine core with an alkyl functional group, group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, beta carbon, along with additional Substitution reaction, substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug. Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and drug addiction, addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Para-Bromomethamphetamine
''para''-Bromomethamphetamine (PBMA; developmental code name V-111), also known as 4-bromomethamphetamine (4-BMA), is a monoaminergic drug of the amphetamine family related to ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA; 4-chloroamphetamine). It was studied by József Knoll and colleagues in the 1970s and 1980s. Pharmacology Originally thought to selectively act on serotonin, PBMA was subsequently found to act not only on serotonin but also on norepinephrine and dopamine similarly to PCA. It has been reported to produce pharmacological effects that have been said to be "somewhat similar" or "indistinguishable" to those of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and various other hallucinogens in various animal species. However, when the drug was subsequently tested in humans, it showed no hallucinogenic effects whatsoever. This is analogous to the case of PCA, which can produce the head-twitch response in rodents but is not hallucinogenic in humans. The hallucinogen-like effects of PBMA in animal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Chloromethcathinone
4-Chloromethcathinone (also known as 4-CMC and clephedrone) is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. 4-CMC produces similar effects to mephedrone, and has been sold as an alternative in countries where mephedrone was scheduled. Adverse effects Short-term 4-CMC produces similar side effects to mephedrone, including: increased blood pressure, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and anxiety. Neurotoxicity Its chemical structure closely resembles ''para''-chloromethamphetamine, raising concerns about its potential to readily induce cell death of serotoninergic neurons. However, no neurotoxicity of this kind has been found to occur, but studies involving mice do indicate that it is neurotoxic through other mechanisms, similarly to other cathinones. 4-CMC is cytotoxic and induces oxidative stress, more so than 4-MMC. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Similar to mephedrone, 4-CMC mainly acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4B-MAR
4'-Bromo-4-methylaminorex (4B-MAR, 4'-Br-4-MAR) is a designer drug from the substituted aminorex family, first definitively identified in Austria in January 2022. Its pharmacological activity has not been reported, but it is believed to have stimulant effects. See also * 2C-B-aminorex * 2F-MAR * 4C-MAR * 4,4'-DMAR * 4'-Fluoro-4-methylaminorex * 4-Methylaminorex * MDMAR * 3-Bromomethylphenidate * 4-Bromoamphetamine * 4-Bromomethcathinone * RTI-51 (–)-2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4-bromophenyl)tropane (RTI-''4229''-51, bromopane) is a semi-synthetic alkaloid in the phenyltropane group of psychostimulant compounds. First publicized in the 1990s, it has not been used enough to have gained a fully ... References Aminorexes 4-Bromophenyl compounds Designer drugs {{pharm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racemic Mixture
In chemistry, a racemic mixture or racemate () is a mixture that has equal amounts (50:50) of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. History The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid. He manually separated the crystals of a mixture, starting from an aqueous solution of the sodium ammonium salt of racemate tartaric acid. Pasteur benefited from the fact that ammonium tartrate salt gives enantiomeric crystals with distinct crystal forms (at 77 °F). Reasoning from the macroscopic scale down to the molecular, he reckoned that the molecules had to have non-superimposable mirror images. A sample with only a single enantiomer is an ''enantiomerically pure'' or ''enantiopure'' compound. Etymology The word ''racemic'' derives from Latin , meaning pertaining to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cathinone
Cathinone (; also known as β-ketoamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub ''Catha edulis'' (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other amphetamines. It is probably the main contributor to the stimulant effect of ''Catha edulis''. Cathinone differs from many other amphetamines in that it has a ketone functional group. Other phenethylamines that share this structure include the stimulants methcathinone, MDPV, mephedrone and the antidepressant bupropion. History Discovery Khat has been cultivated in the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula region of the world for thousands of years. It is most commonly chewed for the euphoric effect it produces. The active ingredient was first proposed in 1930, when cathine was identified as a predominant alkaloid in the plant. Cathine was thought to be the main active ingredient in khat until the 1960s, when it was found that the amount of cathine in the khat leaves is insufficient to prod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designer Drugs
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these designer drugs were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Ethylmethcathinone
4-Ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC) is a recreational designer drug of the stimulant and entactogen class. It is a structural isomer of 4-MEC and 3,4-DMMC. It has been identified in many countries around the world, initially in Europe but was first found in Australia in 2020. Legal status In the United States 4-EMC is considered a Schedule I controlled substance as a positional isomer of 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC). 4-Ethylmethcathinone is a controlled substance in the US state of Vermont . It is also covered by analogue provisions in many other jurisdictions. See also * 4-Ethylamphetamine * 4-Et-PVP * RTI-83 References Cathinones Designer drugs Entactogens {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimulant
Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognition, Mood disorder, mood, and physical activity, physical performance. Some stimulants occur naturally, while others are exclusively synthetic. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate, and modafinil. Stimulants may be subject to varying forms of regulation, or outright prohibition, depending on jurisdiction. Stimulants increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system, either directly or indirectly. Prototypical stimulants increase synaptic concentrations of neurotransmitter, excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and dopamine (e.g., methylphenidate). Other stimulants work by binding to the Receptor (biochemistry), receptors of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., nicotine) or by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
