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Orthoformic Acid
Orthoformic acid or methanetriol is a chemical compound with the formula . In this molecule, the central carbon atom is bound to one hydrogen and three hydroxyl groups. Orthoformic acid was long held to be a hypothetical chemical compound, as it was expected to decompose instantly into formic acid and water, making it too unstable to isolate or observe. However, observation was shown to be possible in 2024, when it was identified by mass spectrometry. This involved the electron-irradiation of a frozen mixture of methanol and oxygen.> Esters Methanetriol esters, known as orthoformates or ortho esters, are well known and commercially available.H. W. Post (1943), "The Chemistry of the Aliphatic Orthoesters", Reinhold, 188 pages Like acetals, they are stable towards bases but easily hydrolyzed in acidic conditions to the alcohol and an ester of formic acid. They are used as mild dehydrating agents. Especially well known are trimethyl orthoformate, triethyl orthoformate, and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and abundance of the chemical elements, most abundant chemical element in the universe, constituting about 75% of all baryon, normal matter. Under standard conditions, hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules with the chemical formula, formula , called dihydrogen, or sometimes hydrogen gas, molecular hydrogen, or simply hydrogen. Dihydrogen is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and highly combustible. Stars, including the Sun, mainly consist of hydrogen in a plasma state, while on Earth, hydrogen is found as the gas (dihydrogen) and in molecular forms, such as in water and organic compounds. The most common isotope of hydrogen (H) consists of one proton, one electron, and no neutrons. Hydrogen gas was first produced artificially in the 17th century by the reaction of acids with metals. Henry Cavendish, in 1766–1781, identified hydrogen gas as a distinct substance and discovere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alcohol (chemistry)
In chemistry, an alcohol (), is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of Hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons, conferring Hydrophile, hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur. History The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus (–287 BCE), and Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, J� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthocarbonic Acid
Orthocarbonic acid, carbon hydroxide, or methanetetrol is the name given to a hypothetical compound with the chemical formula or . Its molecular structure consists of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydroxyl groups. It would be therefore a fourfold Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol. In theory it could lose four protons to give the hypothetical oxocarbon anion orthocarbonate , and is therefore considered an oxoacid of carbon. Orthocarbonic acid is highly unstable. Calculations show that it decomposes into carbonic acid and water: : Orthocarbonic acid is one of the group of ''ortho acids'' that have the general structure of . The term ''ortho acid'' is also used to refer to the most hydroxylated acid in a set of oxoacids. Researchers predict that orthocarbonic acid is stable at high pressure; hence it may form in the interior of the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune, where water and methane are common. Orthocarbonate anions By loss of one through four protons, orthocarbonic ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthoacetic Acid
Orthoacetic acid or ethane-1,1,1-triol is an hypothetical organic compound with formula or H3C-C(OH)3. It would be an ortho acid with the ethane backbone. Orthoacetic acid is believed to be impossible to isolate, since it would readily decompose into acetic acid and water. It may have a fleeting existence in aqueous solutions of acetic acid. Orthoacetate anions The three hydroxyls of CH3C(OH)3 could be deprotonated, leading successively to CH3C(OH)2(O–) (dihydrogenorthoacetate), CH3C(OH)(O–)2 (hydrogenorthoacetate), and finally CH3C(O–)3 (orthoacetate). Orthoacetate esters There are many stable organic compounds with the trivalent moiety H3CC(OR)3, which are formally esters of orthoacetic acid and called orthoacetates. They include trimethyl orthoacetate and triethyl orthoacetate, which are commercially available. See also * Orthoformic acid Orthoformic acid or methanetriol is a chemical compound with the formula . In this molecule, the central carbon atom i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanediol
Methanediol, also known as formaldehyde monohydrate or methylene glycol, is an organic compound with chemical formula . It is the simplest geminal diol. In aqueous solutions it coexists with oligomers (short polymers). The compound is closely related and convertible to the industrially significant derivatives paraformaldehyde (), formaldehyde (), and 1,3,5-trioxane (). Methanediol is a product of the hydration of formaldehyde. The equilibrium constant for hydration is estimated to be 103, Eric V. Anslyn, Dennis A. Dougherty (2006)''Modern physical organic chemistry'' University Science Books. . 1095 pages predominates in dilute (<0.1%) solution. In more concentrated solutions, it oligomerizes to . Occurrence The dianion, methanediolate, is believed to be an intermediate in the crossed Cannizzaro reaction. Gaseous methanediol ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol, with the chemical formula (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, Volatility (chemistry), volatile, colorless and flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odor similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol), but is more acutely toxic than the latter. Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced through destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl ''tert''-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triethyl Orthoformate
Triethyl orthoformate is an organic compound with the formula HC(OC2H5)3. This colorless volatile liquid, the ortho ester of formic acid, is commercially available. The industrial synthesis is from hydrogen cyanide and ethanol. It may also be prepared from the reaction of sodium ethoxide, formed in-situ from sodium and absolute ethanol, and chloroform: : CHCl3 + 3 Na + 3 EtOH → HC(OEt)3 + H2 + 3 NaCl Triethyl orthoformate is used in the Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis, for example: : RMgBr + HC(OC2H5)3 → RC(H)(OC2H5)2 + MgBr(OC2H5) : RC(H)(OC2H5)2 + H2O → RCHO + 2 C2H5OH In coordination chemistry, it is used to convert metal aquo complex In chemistry, metal aquo complexes are coordination compounds containing metal ions with only water as a ligand. These complexes are the predominant species in aqueous solutions of many metal salts, such as metal nitrates, sulfates, and perchlo ...es to the corresponding ethanol complexes: : i(H2O)6BF4)2 + ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trimethyl Orthoformate
Trimethyl orthoformate (TMOF) is the organic compound with the formula HC(OCH3)3. A colorless liquid, it is the simplest orthoester. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis for the formation of methyl ethers. The product of reaction of an aldehyde with trimethyl orthoformate is an acetal. In general cases, these acetals can be deprotected back to the aldehyde by using hydrochloric acid. Synthesis Trimethyl orthoformate is prepared on an industrial scale by the methanolysis of hydrogen cyanide:Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Third edition, 2011, , page 10744 :HCN + 3 HOCH3 → HC(OCH3)3 + NH3 Trimethyl orthoformate can also be prepared from the reaction between chloroform and sodium methoxide, an example of the Williamson ether synthesis. Use Trimethyl orthoformate is a useful building block for creating methoxymethylene groups and heterocyclic ring systems. It introduces a formyl group to a nucleophilic substrate, e.g. RNH2 to form R-NH-CHO, which can und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dehydration Reaction
In chemistry, a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of an H2O from the reacting molecule(s) or ion(s). This reaction results in the release of the H2O as water. When the reaction involves the coupling of two molecules into a single molecule it is referred to as a condensation reaction. Dehydration reactions are common processes in the manufacture of chemical compounds as well as naturally occurring within living organisms. The reverse of a dehydration reaction is called a hydration reaction. The reverse of a condensation reaction yielding water is called hydrolysis. Condensation reactions occurring in living organisms Condensation dehydration reactions are fundamental to the existence of life as this type of reaction produces proteins from amino acids, DNA and RNA from nucleotides, fats from fatty acids, and polysaccharides (eg. cellulose, starch, sugar, lactose) from monosaccharides (eg. glucose and fructose). The formation of the pyrophosphat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. Hydron, hydrogen cation, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid. The first category of acids are the proton donors, or Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Brønsted–Lowry acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O+ and are known as Acid–base reaction#Arrhenius theory, Arrhenius acids. Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, Brønsted and Martin Lowry, Lowry generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous solvents. A Brønsted–Lowry or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H+. Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties that provide a practical description of an acid. Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxyl
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion , called hydroxide, and the neutral radical , known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group. According to IUPAC definitions, the term ''hydroxyl'' refers to the hydroxyl radical () only, while the functional group is called a ''hydroxy group''. Properties Water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and many other hydroxy-containing compounds can be readily deprotonated due to a large difference between the electronegativity of oxygen (3.5) and that of hydrogen (2.1). Hydroxy-containing compounds engage in intermolecular hydrogen bonding increasing the electrostatic attraction between molecules and thus to higher boiling and melting points than found for compounds that lack thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
