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Nornicotine
Nornicotine is an alkaloid found in various plants including ''Nicotiana'', the tobacco plant. It is chemically similar to nicotine, but does not contain a methyl group. It is a precursor to the carcinogen N-Nitrosonornicotine, ''N''-nitrosonornicotine that is produced during the curing and processing of tobacco. Nornicotine can react in human saliva to form N-Nitrosonornicotine, N-nitrosonornicotine, a known type 1 carcinogen. Synthesis There are several routes for the synthesis of nornicotine. One route is the demethylation of nicotine, which can be accomplished by reaction with silver oxide. \mathrm Another route is the partial reduction of 3-myosmine, which can be accomplished by standard catalytic hydrogenation conditions using palladium as a catalyst or with sodium borohydride.. This reaction gives the racemic product. \mathrm Pharmacology Nornicotine possess high affinity for alpha-6 and alpha-7 subunits of nAChRs. It also inhibits DAT in striatum via nAChR and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotine
Nicotine is a natural product, naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreational drug use, recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As a pharmaceutical drug, it is used for smoking cessation to relieve drug withdrawal, withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. Nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco. Nicotine is also present at Parts-per notation, ppb concentrations in edible plants in the family Solanaceae, including potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, though sources disagree on whether this has any biological significance to human consumers. It functions as an plant defense against herbivory, antiherbivore toxin; consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N-Nitrosonornicotine
''N''-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine produced during the curing and processing of tobacco. Toxicity It has been classified as a List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens, Group 1 carcinogen. Although no adequate studies of the relationship between exposure to NNN and human cancer have been reported, there is sufficient evidence that NNN causes cancer in experimental animals. Sources NNN is found in a variety of tobacco products including smokeless tobacco like chewing tobacco and snuff (tobacco), snuff, cigarettes, and cigars. It is present in smoke from cigars and cigarettes, in the saliva of people who chew betel, betel quid with tobacco, and in the saliva of oral-snuff and e-cigarette users. NNN is produced by the nitrosation of nornicotine during the curing, aging, processing, and smoking of tobacco. Roughly half of the NNN originates in the unburnt tobacco, with the remainder being formed during burning. NNN can be produced in the acidic environment of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotine2DACS
Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As a pharmaceutical drug, it is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits ( nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. Nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco. Nicotine is also present at ppb concentrations in edible plants in the family Solanaceae, including potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, though sources disagree on whether this has any biological significance to human consumers. It functions as an plant defense against herbivory, antiherbivore toxin; consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past, and neonicotinoids (structurally similar to nicotine) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungus, fungi, Medicinal plant, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacology, pharmacological activities including antimalarial medication, antimalarial (e.g. quinine), asthma, antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), chemotherapy, anticancer (e.g. omacetaxine mepesuccinate, homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilation, vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), Antiarrhythmic agent, antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racemic
In chemistry, a racemic mixture or racemate () is a mixture that has equal amounts (50:50) of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. History The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid. He manually separated the crystals of a mixture, starting from an aqueous solution of the sodium ammonium salt of racemate tartaric acid. Pasteur benefited from the fact that ammonium tartrate salt gives enantiomeric crystals with distinct crystal forms (at 77 °F). Reasoning from the macroscopic scale down to the molecular, he reckoned that the molecules had to have non-superimposable mirror images. A sample with only a single enantiomer is an ''enantiomerically pure'' or ''enantiopure'' compound. Etymology The word ''racemic'' derives from Latin , meaning pertaining to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrrolidines
Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)4NH. It is a cyclic secondary amine, also classified as a saturated heterocycle. It is a colourless liquid that is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It has a characteristic odor that has been described as "ammoniacal, fishy, shellfish-like". In addition to pyrrolidine itself, many substituted pyrrolidines are known. Production and synthesis Industrial production Pyrrolidine is prepared industrially by the reaction of 1,4-butanediol and ammonia at a temperature of 165–200 °C and a pressure of 17–21 MPa in the presence of a cobalt- and nickel oxide catalyst, which is supported on alumina. : The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase in a continuous tube- or tube bundle reactor, which is operated in the cycle gas method. The catalyst is arranged as a fixed-bed and the conversion is carried out in the downflow mode. The product is obtained after m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyridine Alkaloids
Pyridine alkaloids are a class of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing chemical compounds widely found in plants, that contain a pyridine ring. Examples include nicotine and anabasine which are found in plants of the genus ''Nicotiana'' including tobacco. Alkaloids with a pyridine partial structure are usually further subdivided according to their occurrence and their biogenetic origin. The most important examples of pyridine alkaloids are the nicotine and anabasine, which are found in tobacco, the areca alkaloids in betel and ricinine in castor oil. File:Nikotin - Nicotine.svg, nicotine Nicotine is a natural product, naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreational drug use, recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As ... File:Anabasine.svg, anabasine File:Ricinine.png, ricinine References External links * {{alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Journal Of Pharmacology
The ''European Journal of Pharmacology'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of pharmacology. It publishes full-length papers on the mechanisms of action of chemical substances affecting biological systems, and short reviews debating recent advances in rapidly developing fields within its scope. Papers are presented under these headings: * Behavioral pharmacology *Neuropharmacology and analgesia * Cardiovascular pharmacology * Pulmonary, gastrointestinal and urogenital pharmacology * Endocrine pharmacology * Immunopharmacology and inflammation Inflammation (from ) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin ''calor'', '' ... * Molecular and cellular pharmacology * Regenerative pharmacology * Biologicals and biotherapeutics * Translational pharmacology * Nutriceutical pharmacology External links ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synapse (journal)
Synapse is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of neuroscience published in New York City by Wiley-Liss to address basic science topics on synaptic function and structure. The editor-in-chief is Benjamin J. Hall ( H. Lundbeck A/S). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.562, ranking it 201st out of 273 journals in the category "Neurosciences". References Wiley-Liss academic journals English-language journals Neuroscience journals Academic journals established in 1999 {{neuroscience-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Neurochemistry
The ''Journal of Neurochemistry'' is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of neurochemistry. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the International Society for Neurochemistry and was established in 1956. The editor-in-chief is Andrew J. Lawrence (University of Melbourne). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2024 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 3.7. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Editors-in-chief The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal: References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Journal Of Neurochemistry Neuroscience journals Wiley-Blackwell academic journals Academic journals established in 1956 English-languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myosmine
Myosmine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and other plants. Chemically, it is closely related to nicotine. It inhibits aromatase sevenfold more potently than nicotine. It also releases dopamine in adult but not adolescent rats. See also * Catharanthine * Nicotelline * Pozanicline Pozanicline (INN, codenamed ABT-089) is a drug developed by Abbott, that has nootropic and neuroprotective effects. Animal studies suggested it useful for the treatment of ADHD and subsequent human trials have shown ABT-089 to be effective for ... * PHA-543,613 References Nicotinic agonists Pyridine alkaloids Pyrrolidines Alkaloids found in Nicotiana 3-Pyridyl compounds {{Heterocyclic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
