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Nine Stages Of Decay
The contemplation of the nine stages of a decaying corpse is a Buddhist meditational practice in which the practitioner imagines or observes the gradual decomposition of a dead body. Along with , this type of meditation is one of the two meditations on "the foul" or "unattractive" ().Previewwith different page numbers) The nine stages later became a popular subject of Buddhist art and poetry. In Japan, images of the stages are called and became related to aesthetic ideas of impermanence. Early instances of the nine stages of decay can be found in the , (–20 BC) the "Sutra on the Contemplation of the Oceanlike Buddha," and the "Discourse on the Great Wisdom" () by Nagarjuna ( 150–250 AD). The stages listed in the spread to Japan, probably through Chinese Tiantai writings including the of Zhiyi (438–497 AD), and influenced medieval Japanese art and literature. The setting for the nine stages is outdoors, where a corpse would be left exposed to decay in a field, graveyard, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century Before the Common Era, BCE. It is the Major religious groups, world's fourth-largest religion, with about 500 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise four percent of the global population. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to Western world, the West in the 20th century. According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of bhavana, development which leads to Enlightenment in Buddhism, awakening and moksha, full liberation from ''Duḥkha, dukkha'' (). He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extremes su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exudate
An exudate is a fluid released by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation. ''Exudate'' is derived from ''exude'' 'to ooze' from Latin language, Latin 'to (ooze out) sweat' (' 'out' and ' 'to sweat'). Medicine An exudate is any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation. It can be a pus-like or clear fluid. When an injury occurs, leaving skin exposed, it leaks out of the blood vessels and into nearby tissues. The fluid is composed of serum (blood), serum, fibrin, and White blood cell, leukocytes. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation. Types * Purulent or suppurative exudate consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells. This kind of exudate is consistent with more severe infections, and is commonly referred to as pus. * Fibrinous exudate is composed mainly of fibrinogen and fibrin. It is characteristic of Rheuma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Three Poisons
The three poisons (Sanskrit: ''triviṣa''; Tibetan: ''dug gsum'') in the Mahayana tradition or the three unwholesome roots (Sanskrit: ''akuśala-mūla''; Pāli: ''akusala-mūla'') in the Theravada tradition are a Buddhist term that refers to the three root Kleshas (Buddhism), kleshas that lead to all negative states. These three states are Moha (Buddhism), delusion, also known as Avidyā (Buddhism), ignorance; Raga (Buddhism), greed or sensual attachment; and Dvesha (Buddhism), hatred or aversion. These three poisons are considered to be three afflictions or character flaws that are innate in beings and the root of ''Taṇhā, craving'', and so causing Dukkha, suffering and Rebirth (Buddhism), rebirth. The three poisons are symbolically shown at the center of the Buddhist ''Bhavachakra'' artwork, with the rooster, snake, and pig, representing greed, ill-will and delusion respectively. Brief description In the Buddhist teachings, the three poisons (of ignorance, attachment, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moha (Buddhism)
Moha (; ; Tibetan phonetic: ''timuk'') is a concept in both Hinduism and Buddhism, meaning illusion or delusion. In Hinduism, it is one of the six arishadvargas (also known as shadripus). In Buddhist thought, Moha, along with Raga (greed, sensual attachment) and Dvesha (aversion, hate) are unskillful roots that lead to Tanha (craving) which is part of the Twelve Nidanas that propel the wheel of life. It is symbolically present as the pig in the center of Tibetan bhavachakra drawings. Moha refers to desire and attachment to the world or worldly matters. It is sometimes synonymous with "ignorance" ('' Avijjā''). Moha is identified in the following contexts within the teachings of Buddhism and Hinduism: * One of the ''three unwholesome roots'' within the Theravada Buddhist tradition * One of the fourteen unwholesome mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings * Equivalent to avijjā within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings * One of the three poisons within the Mah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dvesha (Buddhism)
__NOTOC__ Dvesha (Sanskrit: द्वेष, IAST: ''dveṣa''; ; Tibetan: ''zhe sdang'') is a Buddhist and Hindu term that is translated as "hate, aversion".;; Quote: The attainment of freedom from the three poisons of lust (raga), hatred (dvesa) and confusion (moha) by a person who is understood as being in the process of becoming conditioned by various factors (not merely by the three poisons).... In Hinduism, it is one of the Five Poisons or kleshas. Walpola Rahula renders it as "hatred", as does Chogyam Trungpa. In Buddhism In Buddhism, ''Dvesha'' (hate, aversion) is the opposite of ''raga'' (lust, desire). Along with ''Raga'' and '' Moha'', ''Dvesha'' is one of the three character afflictions that, in part, cause '' Dukkha''. It is also one of the "threefold fires" in Buddhist Pali canon that must be quenched. Dvesha is symbolically present as the snake in the center of Tibetan bhavachakra drawings. Dvesha (Pali: dosa) is identified in the following contexts within the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raga (Buddhism)
''Raga'' (Sanskrit: राग, IAST: ; Pali Pāli (, IAST: pāl̤i) is a Classical languages of India, classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages, Middle Indo-Aryan language of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pali Canon, Pāli Can ... ; Lhasa Tibetan, Tibetan: ) is a Buddhist and Hindu concept of character affliction or poison referring to any form of "greed, sensuality, lust, desire" or "attachment to a sensory object". Raga is represented in the Buddhist artwork (Sanskrit: ''Bhavacakra, bhāvacakra'') as the bird or rooster. In Hinduism, it is one of the Kleshas (Hinduism), five Kleshas or poisons that afflict the soul. In Buddhism, Raga is identified in the following contexts:Guenther (1975), Kindle Locations 715-718. * One of the Three poisons (Buddhism), three poisons within the Mahayana Buddhist tradition * One of the ''three unwholesome roots'', called ''lobha'', within the Theravada Buddhist tradition * One of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Visuddhimagga
The ''Visuddhimagga'' (Pali; English: ''The Path of Purification''; ), is the 'great treatise' on Buddhism, Buddhist practice and Theravāda Abhidhamma written by Buddhaghosa approximately in the 5th century in Sri Lanka. It is a manual condensing and systematizing the 5th century understanding and interpretation of the Buddhist path as maintained by the elders of the Mahavihara Monastery in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. It is considered the most important Theravada text outside the Tipitaka canon of scriptures,See, for instance, Kheminda Thera, in Ehara et al. 1995 p. xliii: "The ''Visuddhimagga'' is a household word in all ''Theravāda'' lands. No scholar of Buddhism whether of ''Theravāda'' or of ''Mahāyāna'' is unacquainted with it." and is described as "the hub of a complete and coherent method of exegesis of the Tipitaka." Background Structure The structure of the ''Visuddhimagga'' is based on the ''Ratha-vinita Sutta'' ("Relay Chariots Discourse," Majjhima Nikaya, MN 24) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theravāda
''Theravāda'' (; 'School of the Elders'; ) is Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed ''Theravādins'' ( anglicized from Pali ''theravādī''), have preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching or '' Dhamma'' in the Pāli Canon for over two millennia. The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a classical Indian language, Pāli, which serves as the school's sacred language and ''lingua franca''.Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity'', p. 2. In contrast to Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna, Theravāda tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine ('' pariyatti'') and monastic discipline (''vinaya''). One element of this conservatism is the fact that Theravāda rejects the authenticity of the Mahayana sutras (which appeared onwards). Consequently, Theravāda generally does not recognize the existence of many Buddhas and bodhisattvas believed by the Mahāyāna school, such as Amitābha and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enlightenment In Buddhism
The English term ''enlightenment'' is the Western translation of various Buddhist terms, most notably ''bodhi'' and ''vimutti''. The abstract noun ''bodhi'' (; Sanskrit: बोधि; Pali: ''bodhi'') means the knowledge or wisdom, or awakened intellect, of a Buddha. The verbal root ''budh-'' means "to awaken", and its literal meaning is closer to awakening. Although the term '' buddhi'' is also used in other Indian philosophies and traditions, its most common usage is in the context of Buddhism. ''Vimutti'' is the freedom from or release of the fetters and hindrances. The term ''enlightenment'' was popularised in the Western world through the 19th-century translations of British philologist Max Müller. It has the Western connotation of general insight into transcendental truth or reality. The term is also being used to translate several other Buddhist terms and concepts, which are used to denote (initial) insight ('' prajna'' (Sanskrit), '' wu'' (Chinese), '' kensho'' and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhism And Sexuality
Buddhism categorizes sexuality, in particular sexual arousal and pleasure, as a type of ''kama'', or earthly pleasure, that must be abandoned to achieve enlightenment. Many Buddhists avoid drawing a distinction between monastic sexual abstinence and other forms of religious self-discipline, while some traditions actively incorporate sexual concepts or acts in a yogic or ritualistic context. Scripture In the Buddha's first discourse, he identifies craving ('' tanha'') as the cause of suffering ('' dukkha''). He then identifies three objects of craving: the craving for existence; the craving for non-existence and the craving for sense pleasures (''kama''). ''Kama'' is identified as one of five hindrances to the attainment of '' jhana'' according to the Buddha's teaching. Throughout the Sutta Pitaka the Buddha often compares sexual pleasure to arrows or darts. So in the '' Kama Sutta'' (4.1) from the ''Sutta Nipata'' the Buddha explains that craving sexual pleasure is a cause of su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kammaṭṭhāna
In Buddhism, (, ) literally means ''place of work''. Its original meaning was someone's occupation (farming, trading, cattle-tending, etc.) but this meaning has developed into several distinct but related usages all having to do with Buddhist meditation. Etymology and meanings Its most basic meaning is as a word for meditation, with meditation being the main occupation of Buddhist monks. In Burma, senior meditation practitioners are known as "kammatthanacariyas" (meditation masters). The Thai Forest Tradition names itself ''Kammaṭṭhāna Forest tradition'' in reference to their practice of meditating in the forests. In the Pali literature, prior to the post-canonical Pali commentaries, the term ' comes up in only a handful of discourses and then in the context of "work" or "trade." Buddhaghosa uses ''kammatthana'' to refer to each of his forty meditation objects listed in the third chapter of the ''Visuddhimagga'', which are partially derived from the Pāli Canon. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
