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Mystriosuchine
Parasuchidae is a clade of phytosaurs more derived than ''Diandongosuchus'', a basal phytosaur. This family was phylogenetically defined by Christian Kammerer and colleagues in 2015 as the last common ancestor and all descendants of ''Wannia scurriensis'', ''Parasuchus hislopi'', and '' Mystriosuchus planirostris''. It encompasses nearly all phytosaurs, including early ''Parasuchus''-grade forms as well as a more restricted clade of more specialized phytosaurs. This more restricted clade is traditionally known as the family Phytosauridae and more recently as the subfamily Mystriosuchinae, defined by Kammerer ''et al.'' 2015 as the last common ancestor and all descendants of '' Mystriosuchus planirostris'' and ''Angistorhinus grandis''. Parasuchids have been recovered from Late Triassic deposits in Europe, North America, India, Morocco, Thailand, Brazil, Greenland and Madagascar. In their osteology of ''Parasuchus'', Kammerer et al. (2016) suggested using Parasuchidae to include ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colossosuchus
''Colossosuchus'' is an extinct genus of large Mystriosuchinae, mystriosuchine phytosaur from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India. It was among the largest known phytosaurs, reaching a length of over . Among its characteristic features are the dome-shaped head and downturned tip of the upper jaw. ''Colossosuchus'' was part of an endemic radiation of phytosaurs from India, closely related to two additional forms not yet named. The genus is monotypic, only including the species ''Colossosuchus techniensis''. History and naming Fossils of ''Colossosuchus'' were recovered from the red mudstone of the fluvial Tiki Formation, located within the Rewa Gondwana Basin of India. The remains stem from a monotypic bonebed, meaning the collection of bones stems from only a single species. The bonebed yielded 27 skull and mandible specimens and approximately 339 postcranial remains corresponding to a minimum of 21 individual animals, primarily juveniles and subadults. All specimens are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rutiodon
''Rutiodon'' (meaning "wrinkle tooth") is an extinct genus of mystriosuchine phytosaurs from the Late Triassic of the eastern United States. The type species of ''Rutiodon'', ''Rutiodon carolinensis'', encompasses a large number of skulls and assorted postcranial fossils discovered in the Cumnock Formation of North Carolina. Fossils referable to the species are also known from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Virginia. ''Rutiodon carolinensis'' is the most well-described species of phytosaur in eastern North America, though its validity as a natural taxon has been questioned. Some paleontologists also recognize a larger and more robust species, ''Rutiodon manhattanensis'', which is known from teeth and postcranial fossils from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Description Like other phytosaurs, ''Rutiodon'' strongly resembled a crocodile, but its nostrils were positioned far back on the head, close to the eyes, instead of at the tip of the snout. It had enlarged front teeth, and a rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jupijkam
''Jupijkam'' is an extinct genus of phytosaur from the Late Triassic of Nova Scotia, Canada. The genus is monotypic, including only the species ''Jupijkam paleofluvialis''. It is based on a partial skull and a few other fragments (including an osteoderm) from the White Water Member of the Blomidon Formation. Along with unnamed fossils from the Fleming Fjord Formation of Greenland, these remains represent the northernmost record of phytosaurs. ''Jupijkam'' is named after Jipijka'm, the great horned serpent of Mi'kmaq mythology. Fossils of ''Jupijkam'' were previously referred to ''Rutiodon'', and most phylogenetic analyses retain ''Jupijkam'' as a ''Rutiodon''-grade phytosaur (i.e., a non- leptosuchomorph mystriosuchine). Most ''Rutiodon''-grade phytosaurs were extinct prior to the late Norian, but ''Jupijkam'' survived up to the latest Norian or early Rhaetian. History and naming ''Jupijkam'' is known from a singular, only partially preserved skull as well as a complete osteode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytosaurus
''Phytosaurus'' (meaning "plant lizard") is a dubious genus of extinct parasuchid phytosaur found in an outcrop of the Keuper (likely the Exter Formation) in Germany. ''Phytosaurus'' was the first phytosaur to be described, being done so by Georg Friedrich von Jaeger in 1828.G. F. Jaeger. (1828). Über die Fossile Reptilien, Welche in Württemberg Aufgefunden Sind n the Fossil Reptiles That Are Found in Württemberg ''Verlag der Metzler'schen Buchhandlung, Stuttgart'' 1-48 The type species is ''P. cylindricodon'' and a second species, ''P. cubicodon'', is also known. Discovery and naming In 1826, the holotypes of both species were discovered in Wurttemburg, Germany at the "Neckar" site at the base of the hill which Wildenau Castle stands upon. The holotype of ''P. cylindricodon'' consists of parts of the skull and jaws, with natural casts of the teeth which, however, did not preserve their conical form but were flattened which led to the misunderstanding they were spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since 2023; and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations averag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evolutionary Grade
A grade is a taxon united by a level of morphological or physiological complexity. The term was coined by British biologist Julian Huxley, to contrast with clade, a strictly phylogenetic unit. Phylogenetics The concept of evolutionary grades arises in the context of phylogenetics: the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. Definition of an evolutionary grade An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by morphological or physiological traits, that has given rise to another group that has major differences from the ancestral group's condition, and is thus not considered p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. Europe is commonly considered to be Boundaries between the continents#Asia and Europe, separated from Asia by the Drainage divide, watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural (river), Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterway of the Bosporus, Bosporus Strait. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." Europe covers approx. , or 2% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface (6.8% of Earth's land area), making it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes Middle America (Americas), Middle America (comprising the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico) and Northern America. North America covers an area of about , representing approximately 16.5% of Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. , North America's population was estimated as over 592 million people in list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's popula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carnian
The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage (stratigraphy), stage of the Upper Triassic series (stratigraphy), Series (or earliest age (geology), age of the Late Triassic Epoch (reference date), Epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227.3 megaannum, million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the Carnian pluvial episode characterized by substantial rainfall) occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations. Another extinction occurred at the Carnian-Norian boundary, ending the Carnian age. Stratigraphic definitions The Carnian was named in 1869 by Johann August Georg Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar, Mojsisovics. It is unclear if it was named after the Carnic Alps or after the Austrian region of Carinthia (state), Carinthia (''Kärnten'' in German) or after th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diandongosuchus
''Diandongosuchus'' is an extinct genus of archosauriform reptile, possibly a member of the Phytosauria, known from the Middle Triassic of China. The type species ''Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis'' was named in 2012 from the Zhuganpo Formation of Yunnan Province. It is a marine species that shows similarities with another Chinese Triassic species called '' Qianosuchus mixtus'', although it has fewer adaptations toward marine life. It was originally classified as the basal-most member of the pseudosuchian clade Poposauroidea. However, a subsequent study conducted by Stocker ''et al.'' (2016, 2017) indicated it to be the basalmost known phytosaur instead. Description ''Diandongosuchus'' is known from a nearly complete articulated skeleton ( ZMNH M8770) missing most of the tail. The total length of ZMNH M8770 is and the estimated body length of the animal in life is around . The specimen is preserved on its right side, with the underside of the lower jaws and the trunk showing. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocco border, the east, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to Morocco–Western Sahara border, the south. Morocco also claims the Spain, Spanish Enclave and exclave, exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and several small Plazas de soberanía, Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. It has a population of approximately 37 million. Islam is both the official and predominant religion, while Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Additionally, French and the Moroccan dialect of Arabic are widely spoken. The culture of Morocco is a mix of Arab culture, Arab, Berbers, Berber, Culture of Africa, African and Culture of Europe, European cultures. Its capital is Rabat, while its largest city is Casablanca. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
