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Kotatsu
A is a low, wooden table frame covered by a ''futon'', or heavy blanket, upon which a table top sits. Underneath is a heat source, formerly a charcoal brazier but now Electricity, electric, often built into the table itself. ''Kotatsu'' are used almost exclusively in Japan, although #Other countries, similar devices for the same purpose of heating are used elsewhere, e.g. the Spanish Brasero (heater), ''brasero'' or Iranian ''korsi''. History The history of the ''kotatsu'' begins in the Muromachi period or Ashikaga shogunate during the fourteenth century. Its origins begin with the Japanese cooking hearth, known as the ''irori''. Charcoal was the primary method of cooking and heating in the traditional Japanese household and was used to heat the ''irori''. By the fourteenth century in Japan, a seating platform was introduced to the ''irori'' and its cooking function became separated from its seating function. On top of the wooden platform a quilt was placed, known as an ''ok ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
炬燵
A is a low, wooden table frame covered by a ''futon'', or heavy blanket, upon which a table top sits. Underneath is a heat source, formerly a charcoal brazier but now electric, often built into the table itself. ''Kotatsu'' are used almost exclusively in Japan, although similar devices for the same purpose of heating are used elsewhere, e.g. the Spanish ''brasero'' or Iranian '' korsi''. History The history of the ''kotatsu'' begins in the Muromachi period or Ashikaga shogunate during the fourteenth century. Its origins begin with the Japanese cooking hearth, known as the '' irori''. Charcoal was the primary method of cooking and heating in the traditional Japanese household and was used to heat the ''irori''. By the fourteenth century in Japan, a seating platform was introduced to the ''irori'' and its cooking function became separated from its seating function. On top of the wooden platform a quilt was placed, known as an ''oki'' that trapped and localized the heat of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brasero (heater)
A brasero (Spanish: "brazier") is a heater commonly used in Spain. It is placed under a table covered with a cloth that extends to the floor to provide heat for people sitting at the table. This arrangement (which is called a mesa camilla) is similar to the Japanese ''kotatsu'' or Iranian ''korsi''. ''Braseros'' were traditionally heated with small pieces of charcoal, called ''cisco'' or ''picón''; nowadays they are usually electric. Modernly, certain deposits of burning embers, such as the upper compartment of solid fuel heating boilers, are called braseros. By extension, the term was used to define the place where ''certain criminals'' condemned to the stake were executed, generally Jews or infidels victims of one of the most common methods with which the "secular arm" executed those condemned by the Inquisition. History In several archaeological museums, braseros from Etruria and Culture of ancient Rome, Rome are displayed. Generally made of bronze, they have quadrangu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazier
A brazier () is a container used to burn charcoal or other solid fuel for cooking, heating or rituals. It often takes the form of a metal box or bowl with feet, but in some places it is made of terracotta. Its elevation helps circulate air, feeding oxygen to the fire. Braziers have been used since ancient times; the Nimrud brazier dates to at least 824 BC. History The word brazier is mentioned in the Bible. The Hebrew word for brazier is believed to be of Egyptian origin, suggesting that it was imported from Egypt. The lone reference to it in the Bible being the following verse: The king was sitting in the winter-house in the ninth month; and the brazier () was burning before him. Roman Emperor Jovian was poisoned by the fumes from a brazier in his tent in 364, ending the line of Constantine. In Arabic, the brazier is called ''kanoun''. Uses Heating Despite risks in burning charcoal on open fires, braziers were widely adopted for domestic heating, particularly and somewh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charcoal
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, called charcoal burning, often by forming a charcoal kiln, the heat is supplied by burning part of the starting material itself, with a limited supply of oxygen. The material can also be heated in a closed retort. Modern charcoal briquettes used for outdoor cooking may contain many other additives, e.g. coal. The early history of wood charcoal production spans ancient times, rooted in the abundance of wood in various regions. The process typically involves stacking wood billets to form a conical pile, allowing air to enter through openings at the bottom, and igniting the pile gradually. Charcoal burners, skilled professionals tasked with managing the delicate operation, often lived in isolation to tend their wood piles . Throughout histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zabuton
A zabuton (kanji: , ) is a cushion for sitting that is commonly used in traditional Japanese settings. Zabuton is a Japanese loanword that is also sometimes used in Western culture to describe the ''zaniku'', a flat mat that a ''zafu'' is placed on. The zabuton is generally used while sitting in a ''seiza'' or ''agura'' position and may also be used when sitting on a chair. Zabuton are used during meditation such as ''zazen''. In a more casual setting, the zabuton can be used in conjunction with a '' zaisu'', a type of Japanese legless chair, with or without an accompanying , a Japanese-style armrest. Ordinarily, any place in Japan where seating is on the floor will be provided with zabuton for sitting comfort. The length and width of a typical zabuton is approximately to and usually an inch or two thick, but can vary in thickness. They are sometimes made with threaded embroidery and tassels on the four corners and at the center of the zabuton, and often with a removable outer c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Japanese Clothing
There are typically two types of clothing worn in Japan: traditional clothing known as , including the national dress of Japan, the kimono, and which encompasses all else not recognised as either national dress or the dress of another country. Traditional Japanese fashion represents a long-standing history of traditional culture, encompassing colour palettes developed in the Heian period, silhouettes adopted from Tang dynasty clothing and cultural traditions, motifs taken from Japanese culture, nature and traditional literature, the use of types of silk for some clothing, and styles of wearing primarily fully-developed by the end of the Edo period. The most well-known form of traditional Japanese fashion is the kimono, with the term ''kimono'' translating literally as "something to wear" or "thing worn on the shoulders".Assmann, Stephanie. "Between Tradition and Innovation: The Reinvention of the Kimono in Japanese Consumer Culture." ''Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Heating
A central heating system provides warmth to a number of spaces within a building from one main source of heat. A central heating system has a Furnace (central heating), furnace that converts fuel or electricity to heat through processes. The heat is circulated through the building either by fans forcing heated air through Duct (flow), ducts, circulation of low-pressure steam to Radiator, radiators in each heated room, or Pump, pumps that circulate hot water through room radiators. Primary energy sources may be fuels like coal or wood, oil, kerosene, natural gas, or electricity. Compared with systems such as Fireplace, fireplaces and Wood-burning stove, wood stoves, a central heating plant offers improved uniformity of temperature control over a building, usually including automatic control of the furnace. Large homes or buildings may be divided into individually controllable zones with their own Temperature control, temperature controls. Automatic fuel (and sometimes ash) handli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and materials. Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different temperature. Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced, creating a thermal break or thermal barrier, or thermal radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the lower-temperature body. The insulating capability of a material is measured as the inverse of thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity (k). Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (R-value (insulation), resistance value). In thermal engineering, other important properties of insulating materials are product density, density (ρ) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bast Fiber
Bast fibre (also called phloem fibre or skin fibre) is plant fibre collected from the phloem (the "inner bark", sometimes called "skin") or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. Some of the economically important bast fibres are obtained from herbs cultivated in agriculture, for instance flax, hemp, or ramie, but bast fibres from wild plants, such as stinging nettle, and trees such as lime or linden, willow, oak, wisteria, and mulberry have also been used. Bast fibres are soft and flexible, as opposed to leaf fibres from monocotyledonous plants, which are hard and stiff. Since the valuable fibres are located in the phloem, they must often be separated from the woody core, the xylem, and sometimes also from the epidermis. The process for this is retting, and can be performed by micro-organisms either on land (nowadays the most important) or in water, or by chemicals (for instance high pH and chelating agents), or by pectinolytic enzymes. In the phloem, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Heater
Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted directly to heat energy. Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating and industrial processes. An electric heater is an electrical device that converts an electric current into heat. The heating element inside every electric heater is an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current passing through a resistor will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating devices use nichrome wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators. Alternatively, a heat pump can achieve around 150% – 600% efficiency for heating, or COP 1.5 - 6.0 Coefficient of performance, because it uses electric power only for transferring existing thermal energy. The heat pump uses an electric motor to drive a reversed refrigeration cycle, that draws heat energy from an ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
