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Information Quality
Information quality (IQ) is the quality of the content of information systems. It is often pragmatically defined as: "The fitness for use of the information provided". IQ frameworks also provides a tangible approach to assess and measure DQ/IQ in a robust and rigorous manner. Conceptual problems Although this pragmatic definition is usable for most everyday purposes, specialists often use more complex models for information quality. Most information system practitioners use the term synonymously with data quality. However, as many academics make a distinction between data and information, some will the process to guarantee confidence that particular information meets some context specific quality requirements. It has been suggested, however, that higher the quality the greater will be the confidence in meeting more general, less specific contexts. Dimensions and metrics of information quality "Information quality" is a measure of the value which the information provides to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Information System
An information system (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect, process, Information Processing and Management, store, and information distribution, distribute information. From a sociotechnical perspective, information systems comprise four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology. Information systems can be defined as an integration of components for collection, storage and data processing, processing of data, comprising digital products that process data to facilitate decision making and the data being used to provide information and contribute to knowledge. A computer information system is a system, which consists of people and computers that process or interpret information. The term is also sometimes used to simply refer to a computer system with software installed. "Information systems" is also an academic field of study about systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of computer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Value-added
Value added is a term in economics for calculating the difference between market value of a product or service, and the sum value of its constituents. It is relatively expressed by the demand curve, supply-demand curve for specific units of sale. Value added is distinguished from the accounting term added value which measures only the financial profits earned upon transformational processes for specific items of sale that are available on the market. In business, ''total value added'' is calculated by tabulating the ''unit value added'' (measured by summing unit Profit (accounting), profit — the difference between Price, sale price and production cost, unit depreciation cost, and unit Direct labor cost, labor cost) per each unit sold. Thus, total value added is equivalent to revenue minus intermediate consumption. Value added is a higher portion of revenue for Integrated business planning, integrated companies (e.g. manufacturing companies) and a lower portion of revenue for less ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Information Quality (InfoQ)
Information quality (InfoQ) is the potential of a data set to achieve a specific (scientific or practical) goal using a given empirical analysis method. Definition Formally, the definition is InfoQ = U(X,f, g) where X is the data, f the analysis method, g the goal and U the utility function. InfoQ is different from data quality and analysis quality, but is dependent on these components and on the relationship between them. InfoQ has been applied in a wide range of domains like healthcare, customer surveys, data science programs, advanced manufacturing and Bayesian network applications. Kenett and Shmueli (2014) proposed eight dimensions to help assess InfoQ and various methods for increasing InfoQ: Data resolution, Data structure, Data integration, Temporal relevance, Chronology of data and goal, Generalization, Operationalization In research design, especially in psychology, social sciences, life sciences and physics, operationalization or operationalisation is a pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Information Pollution
Information pollution (also referred to as info pollution) is the contamination of an information supply with irrelevant, redundant, unsolicited, hampering, and low-value information. Examples include misinformation, junk e-mail, and media violence. The spread of useless and undesirable information can have a detrimental effect on human activities. It is considered to be an adverse effect of the information revolution. Overview Information pollution generally applies to digital communication, such as e-mail, instant messaging (IM), and social media. The term acquired particular relevance in 2003 when web usability expert Jakob Nielsen published articles discussing the topic. As early as 1971 researchers were expressing doubts about the negative effects of having to recover "valuable nodules from a slurry of garbage in which it is a randomly dispersed minor component." People use information in order to make decisions and adapt to circumstances. Cognitive studies demonstrat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Accuracy And Precision
Accuracy and precision are two measures of ''observational error''. ''Accuracy'' is how close a given set of measurements (observations or readings) are to their ''true value''. ''Precision'' is how close the measurements are to each other. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines a related measure: ''trueness'', "the closeness of agreement between the arithmetic mean of a large number of test results and the true or accepted reference value." While ''precision'' is a description of ''random errors'' (a measure of statistical variability), ''accuracy'' has two different definitions: # More commonly, a description of ''systematic errors'' (a measure of statistical bias of a given measure of central tendency, such as the mean). In this definition of "accuracy", the concept is independent of "precision", so a particular set of data can be said to be accurate, precise, both, or neither. This concept corresponds to ISO's ''trueness''. # A combination of both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Quality
Data quality refers to the state of qualitative or quantitative pieces of information. There are many definitions of data quality, but data is generally considered high quality if it is "fit for tsintended uses in operations, decision making and planning". Data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents the real-world construct to which it refers. Apart from these definitions, as the number of data sources increases, the question of internal data consistency becomes significant, regardless of fitness for use for any particular external purpose. People's views on data quality can often be in disagreement, even when discussing the same set of data used for the same purpose. When this is the case, businesses may adopt recognised international standards for data quality (See #International Standards for Data Quality below). Data governance can also be used to form agreed upon definitions and standards, including international standards, for data quality. In such cases, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of modern technology and science. In response to the increasing Technological and industrial history of the United States, industrialization of the United States, William Barton Rogers organized a school in Boston to create "useful knowledge." Initially funded by a land-grant universities, federal land grant, the institute adopted a Polytechnic, polytechnic model that stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. MIT moved from Boston to Cambridge in 1916 and grew rapidly through collaboration with private industry, military branches, and new federal basic research agencies, the formation of which was influenced by MIT faculty like Vannevar Bush. In the late twentieth century, MIT became a leading center for research in compu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deontology
In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek language, Greek: and ) is the normative ethics, normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, rather than based on the consequences of the action. It is sometimes described as duty-, obligation-, or rule-based ethics. Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to consequentialism, utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics. In this terminology, action is more important than the consequences. The term ''deontological'' was first used to describe the current, specialised definition by C. D. Broad in his 1930 book, ''Five Types of Ethical Theory''. Older usage of the term goes back to Jeremy Bentham, who coined it prior to 1816 as a synonym of ''dicastic'' or ''censorial ethics'' (i.e., ethics based on judgement). The more general sense of the word is retained in French language, French, espe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interpretability
In mathematical logic, interpretability is a relation between formal theories that expresses the possibility of interpreting or translating one into the other. Informal definition Assume ''T'' and ''S'' are formal theories. Slightly simplified, ''T'' is said to be ''interpretable'' in ''S'' if and only if the language of ''T'' can be translated into the language of ''S'' in such a way that ''S'' proves the translation of every theorem of ''T''. Of course, there are some natural conditions on admissible translations here, such as the necessity for a translation to preserve the logical structure of formulas. This concept, together with weak interpretability, was introduced by Alfred Tarski in 1953. Three other related concepts are cointerpretability, logical tolerance, and cotolerance, introduced by Giorgi Japaridze in 1992–93. See also * Conservative extension * Interpretation (logic) * Interpretation (model theory) * Interpretability logic References * Japaridze, G., a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Completeness (knowledge Bases)
The term completeness as applied to knowledge bases refers to two different concepts. Formal logic In formal logic, a knowledge base KB is complete ''if'' there is no formula α such that KB ⊭ α and KB ⊭ ¬α. Example of knowledge base with incomplete knowledge: KB := Then we have KB ⊭ A and KB ⊭ ¬A. In some cases, a consistent knowledge base can be made complete with the closed world assumption—that is, adding all not-entailed literals as negations to the knowledge base. In the above example though, this would not work because it would make the knowledge base inconsistent: KB' = In the case where KB := , KB ⊭ P(b) and KB ⊭ ¬P(b), so, with the closed world assumption, KB' = , where KB' ⊨ ¬P(b). Data management In data management, completeness is metaknowledge Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is knowledge about knowledge. Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders: * ''zero order meta-knowledge'' is knowledge whose domain is not knowledge (and he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timeliness
__NOTOC__ Punctuality is the characteristic of completing a required task or fulfilling an obligation before or at a previously designated time based on job requirements and or daily operations. "Punctual" is often used synonymously with "on time". An opposite characteristic is tardiness. Each culture tends to have its own understanding about what is considered an acceptable degree of punctuality. Typically, a small amount of lateness is acceptable—this is commonly about five to ten minutes in most Western cultures—but this is context-dependent, for example it might not the case for doctor's appointments. Some cultures have an unspoken understanding that actual deadlines are different from stated deadlines, for example with African time were times for some types of casual or social events arrival time is implied. For example, it may be understood in a particular culture that people will turn up later than advertised. In this case, since everyone understands that a 9 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
