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Illegal Order
In international law, a criminal order or illegal order is a military order for the commission of a war crime or other violation of international criminal law. Because superior orders do not exonerate such violations, it is obligatory to disobey the order. Furthermore, the commander is also responsible under the doctrine of command responsibility In the practice of international law, command responsibility (also superior responsibility) is the legal doctrine of hierarchical accountability for war crimes, whereby a commanding officer (military) and a superior officer (civil) are legally r .... See also *'' Befehlsnotstand'' * Criminal orders References Further reading * {{War crimes International law legal terminology War crimes by type ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Law
International law, also known as public international law and the law of nations, is the set of Rule of law, rules, norms, Customary law, legal customs and standards that State (polity), states and other actors feel an obligation to, and generally do, obey in their mutual relations. In international relations, actors are simply the individuals and collective entities, such as states, International organization, international organizations, and non-state groups, which can make behavioral choices, whether lawful or unlawful. Rules are formal, typically written expectations that outline required behavior, while norms are informal, often unwritten guidelines about appropriate behavior that are shaped by custom and social practice. It establishes norms for states across a broad range of domains, including war and diplomacy, Trade, economic relations, and human rights. International law differs from state-based List of national legal systems, domestic legal systems in that it operates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Order (instruction)
A military command or order is a binding instruction given by a senior rank to a junior rank in a military context. Not all senior ranks in all military forces have the right to give an order to all lower ranks. U.S. Department of Defense General orders, according to the United States Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, are: # Permanent instructions, issued in order form, that apply to all members of a command, as compared with special orders, which affect only individuals or small groups. General orders are usually concerned with matters of policy or administration.Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 12 April 2001, (As Amended Through 31 October 2009), 224. #A series of permanent guard orders that govern the duties of a sentry on post. An operations order, in a US DOD sense, is a plan format meant which is intended to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. See al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Crime
A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings (including genocide or ethnic cleansing), the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military, and flouting the legal Indiscriminate attack, distinctions of Proportionality (law), proportionality and military necessity. The formal concept of war crimes emerged from the codification of the customary international law that applied to warfare between sovereign states, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army in the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 for int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Criminal Law
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression. Classical international law governs the relationships, rights, and state responsibility, responsibilities of states. After World War II, the Charter of the International Military Tribunal and the following Nuremberg trial revolutionized international law by applying its prohibitions directly to individuals, in this case the defeated leaders of Nazi Germany, thus inventing international criminal law. After being dormant for decades, international criminal law was revived in the 1990s to address the war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars and the Rwandan genocide, leading to the establishment of a permanent International Crimi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Superior Orders
Superior orders, also known as just following orders or the Nuremberg defense, is a plea in a court of law that a person, whether civilian, military or police, should not be considered guilty of committing crimes ordered by a Officer (armed forces), superior officer or official. It is regarded as a complement to command responsibility. One noted use of this plea or defense (legal), defense was by the accused in the 1945–1946 Nuremberg trials. These were a series of Military justice, military tribunals held by the main victorious Allies of World War II, Allies of World War II to prosecute, among others, prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. Under the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal that established them, the trials determined that the defense of superior orders was no longer enough to ''escape'' punishment but merely enough to ''lessen'' it. Apart from the specific plea of superior orders, discussi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Command Responsibility
In the practice of international law, command responsibility (also superior responsibility) is the legal doctrine of hierarchical accountability for war crimes, whereby a commanding officer (military) and a superior officer (civil) are legally responsible for the war crimes and the crimes against humanity committed by his subordinates; thus, a commanding officer always is accountable for the acts of commission and the acts of omission of his soldiers.Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law by Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, 15 September 2004. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Befehlsnotstand
''Befehlsnotstand'' (English: Necessity to obey orders) is a German legal term that refers to a situation in which a certain action is ordered that violates law, but where the refusal to carry out such an order would lead to drastic consequences, specifically danger to life or body, for the person refusing to carry out the order. The concept of ''Befehlsnotstand'' was successfully used as a defense in World War II-related war crimes trials in Germany in the 1950s and 1960s but research into the subject since has proven that ''Befehlsnotstand'' as such did not exist, meaning German soldiers of the Wehrmacht or ''Schutzstaffel'' did not actually face drastic consequences if refusing such an order during the war. Refusing a lawful order did however result in consequences, with 23,000 German soldiers executed for refusing orders. Etymology ''Befehlsnotstand'' is a compound word, made up of the German words '' Befehl'' (command or order) and '' Notstand'' (emergency). The term has bee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Orders (Nazi Germany)
Criminal orders is the collective name given to a series of orders, directives and decrees given before and during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II by the ''Wehrmacht'' High Command. The criminal orders went beyond established codes of conduct and led to widespread atrocities on the Eastern Front. Orders issued in 1939 While the term "criminal orders" is usually associated with the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Jochen Böhler is convinced that some orders issued by the Wehrmacht command during the invasion of Poland in September 1939 may already be considered "criminal orders." He pointed out, in this context, the following: * A special directive issued on September 4, 1939, regarding the supply of the 8th Army's rear services, included a recommendation to execute without trial not only partisans and those found with weapons, but also Polish civilians "found in homes and farms from which ermansoldiers were fired upon." * An order issued ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Law Legal Terminology
International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning "between nations". International may also refer to: Music Albums * ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011 * ''International'' (New Order album), 2002 * ''International'' (The Three Degrees album), 1975 *''International'', 2018 album by L'Algérino Songs * The Internationale, the left-wing anthem * "International" (Chase & Status song), 2014 * "International", by Adventures in Stereo from ''Monomania'', 2000 * "International", by Brass Construction from ''Renegades'', 1984 * "International", by Thomas Leer from ''The Scale of Ten'', 1985 * "International", by Kevin Michael from ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011 * "International", by McGuinness Flint from ''McGuinness Flint'', 1970 * "International", by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark from '' Dazzle Ships'', 1983 * "International (Serious)", by Estelle from '' All of Me'', 2012 Politics * Internationalism (politics) * Political international, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
