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Heraldic Adoption
Heraldic adoption () was in the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Poland a legal form of ennoblement and adoption into an existing heraldic clan along with assuming the coat of arms of that clan. It took place as a result of an act issued by the King. The adoption of heraldic arms was a procedure used solely in Polish heraldry and was one of the earlier "old way" forms of ennoblement in Poland. It became particularly popular in the 15th century, especially with prosperous or prestigious city Bourgeoisie, burghers and Patrician (post-Roman Europe), patricians aspiring to attain Nobility, noble status, but was abolished by the first half of the 17th century. History Nobles were either born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family, or achieved noble rank through ennoblement (''nobilitacja'') by Poland's king. Ennoblement, i.e. the transition to the nobility of a person, who had not been knighted yet, existed in Poland as early as the 14th century. In Poland, ennobleme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PL Stanisław Teodor Chrząński-Tablice Odmian Herbowych
PL, P.L., Pl, or .pl may refer to: Businesses and organizations Government and political * Partit Laburista, a Maltese political party * Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006), a Brazilian political party * Liberal Party (Moldova), a Moldovan political party * Liberal Party (Rwanda), a Rwandan political party * Parlamentarische Linke, a parliamentary caucus in Germany * Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Bosnian: ''Patriotska Liga''), a military organisation of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina * Philippine Legislature, a legislature that existed in the Philippines from 1907 to 1935 * Progressive Labor Party (United States), a United States communist party Sports leagues * Palestine League, the top Palestinian football league * Premier League, the top English football league * Pacific League, one of the two leagues in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball * Pioneer Baseball League, a Rookie league in American Minor League Baseball * Pioneer Football League, NCAA FCS conferenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuanian Nobility
The Lithuanian nobility () or ''szlachta'' of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (, ) was historically a legally privileged hereditary elite class in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (including during period of foreign rule 1795–1918) consisting of Lithuanians from Lithuania Proper; Samogitians from Duchy of Samogitia; following Lithuania's eastward expansion into what is now Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, many ethnically Ruthenian noble families (''boyars''); and, later on, predominantly Baltic German families from the Duchy of Livonia and Inflanty Voivodeship.Krzysztof Buchowski, ''Litwomani i polonizatorzy'', p. 20–50, 2006 Białystok, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Initially, the privileged social group of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was called ''boyars''. Boyars became part of the szlachta (nobility) during the Union of Horodło on October 2, 1413, initiating nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following the Western European model (wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a radius. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596, and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Kraków Old Town, Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status. The city began as a Hamlet (place), hamlet on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. In 1038, it became the seat of King of Poland, Polish monarchs from the Piast dynasty, and subsequently served as the centre of administration under Jagiellonian dynasty, Jagiellonian kings and of the Polish–Lithuan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knight Of The Golden Spur (Holy Roman Empire)
The Knights of the Golden Spur (Latin ''equites aurati Sancti Romani Imperii'', literally "Golden Knights of the Holy Roman Empire"; short ''equites aurati'' or ''milites aurati'', "golden ecoratedknights/soldiers") were a public official elite of the Holy Roman Empire which consisted mainly of members of the gentry, but also from members of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The term should not be confused with the English knight bachelor, who is frequently termed ''Eques Auratus'' in Latin monumental inscriptions, especially from the 17th century, denoting the privilege held by him of being allowed to gild his armour. The honorees were awarded the accolade not necessarily for their knighthood, but because of special services. It was a personal honour for services rendered, which was not hereditary. The knight had the right to wear, contrary to existing regulations, golden spurs, or even a gold-plated armor. More practically, he enjoyed the right to wear a gold collar aroun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Leszczyński
Stanisław I Leszczyński (Stanisław Bogusław; 20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766), also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, was twice King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and at various times Prince of Deux-Ponts, Duke of Bar and Duke of Lorraine. During the Great Northern War, multiple candidates had emerged after the death of John III Sobieski for the elective kingship of Poland (which also included the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as part of the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Backed by powerful neighbors in Russia and Austria, the Sejm elected Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony to succeed John III in 1697 as August II. Russia's primary antagonist in the Great Northern War, Sweden had supported Stanisław Leszczyński for the throne, and after defeating a combined army of Saxon and Polish-Lithuanian forces, deposed August II and installed Leszczyński as Stanisław I in 1704. In 1709, Charles XII of Sweden, Stanisław's main supporter, suffe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław August Poniatowski
Stanisław II August (born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), known also by his regnal Latin name Stanislaus II Augustus, and as Stanisław August Poniatowski (), was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, and the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Born into wealthy Polish aristocracy, Poniatowski arrived as a diplomat at the Russian imperial court in Saint Petersburg in 1755 at the age of 22 and became intimately involved with the future empress Catherine the Great. With her aid, he was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania by the Sejm in September 1764 following the death of Augustus III. Contrary to expectations, Poniatowski attempted to reform and strengthen the large but ailing Commonwealth. His efforts were met with external opposition from neighbouring Prussia, Russia and Austria, all committed to keeping the Commonwealth weak. From within he was opposed by conservative interests ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estate (land)
An estate is a large parcel of land under single ownership, which generates income for its owner. British context In the United Kingdom, historically an estate comprises the houses, outbuildings, supporting farmland, tenanted buildings, and natural resources (such as woodland) that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a country house, mansion, palace or castle. It is the modern term for a manor, but lacks a manor's now-abolished jurisdiction. Country house estate The "estate" formed an economic system where the profits from its produce and rents (of housing or agricultural land) sustained the main household, formerly known as the manor house. Thus, "the estate" may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself, covering more than one former manor. Examples of such great estates are Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire, England, and Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England, built to replace the former manor hou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pacta Conventa
''Pacta conventa'' (Latin for "articles of agreement") was a contractual agreement entered into between the "Polish nation" (i.e., the szlachta (nobility) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and a newly elected king upon his "free election" (''wolna elekcja'') to the throne from 1573 to 1764. It declared policies the King would enact once on the throne. The document was drawn up by the convocation sejm, which elected the King. The ''pacta conventa'' affirmed the king-elect's pledge to respect the laws of the Commonwealth and specified policies to be enacted in foreign policy, state finances, the armed forces, public works and other areas. An example of the various concrete undertakings found in a king-elect's ''pacta conventa'' is King Władysław IV Vasa's pledge to create a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy for the Baltic Sea. Each King's ''pacta conventa'' was different based on the specific policies he had promised in order to be elected, making it somewhat si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letters Patent
Letters patent (plurale tantum, plural form for singular and plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, President (government title), president or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, government-granted monopoly, monopoly, title or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations, government offices, to grant city status or heraldry, coats of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governor-general, governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom, they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern intellectual property patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention or design. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Briefadel
''Briefadel'' (in German; ) or ''brevadel'' (in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) are persons and families who have been ennobled by letters patent. The oldest known such letters patent were issued in the middle of the 14th century, during the Late Middle Ages. ''Briefadel'' can be contrasted with ''Uradel'', whose nobility predates issuance of letters patent. The term dates to the early nineteenth century. See also * Austrian nobility * Danish nobility * Finnish nobility * German nobility * Icelandic nobility * Norwegian nobility * Swedish nobility The Swedish nobility (, or , ) has historically been a legally or socially privileged Social class, class in Sweden, and part of the so-called ''frälse'' (a derivation from Old Swedish meaning ''free neck''). The archaic term for nobility, ''fr ... References {{reflist Danish noble titles German noble titles Norwegian nobility Swedish nobility Austrian noble titles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skartabellat
Skartabellat (lat. ''scartabellat'') was a specific form of nobilitation in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Introduced by pacta conventa of 1669, ennoblement into a sort of lower nobility. Skartabels could not hold public offices or be members of the Sejm. After 3 generations in noble ranks these families would "mature" to peerage. Most scartabellats came from burghers; the institution was abolished in 1817. See also * Ennoblement * Heraldic adoption * Indygenat Sources * Oswald Balzer: "Skartabelat w ustroju szlachetstwa polskiego", Kraków, 1911 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish nobility The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social ... Legal history of Poland {{Lithuania-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Prerogative
The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority, Privilege (law), privilege, and immunity recognised in common law (and sometimes in Civil law (legal system), civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy) as belonging to the monarch, sovereign, and which have become widely vested in the government. It is the means by which some of the executive (government), executive powers of government, possessed by and vested in a monarch with regard to the process of governance of the state, are carried out. Evolution In most Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarchies, prerogatives can be abolished by Parliament under its legislative authority. In the Commonwealth realms, this draws on the constitutional statutes at the time of the Glorious Revolution, when William III of England, William III and Mary II of England, Mary II were invited to take the throne. In the United Kingdom, the remaining powers of the royal prerogative are devolved to the head of the government, whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
