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Hadrosauroids
Hadrosauroidea is a clade or superfamily of ornithischian dinosaurs that includes the "duck-billed" dinosaurs, or hadrosaurids, and all dinosaurs more closely related to them than to ''Iguanodon''. Their remains have been recovered in Asia, Europe, Africa and the Americas. Many primitive hadrosauroids, such as the Asian ''Probactrosaurus'' and ''Altirhinus'', have traditionally been included in a paraphyly, paraphyletic (unnatural grouping) "Iguanodontidae". With cladistics, cladistic analysis, the traditional Iguanodontidae has been largely disbanded, and probably includes only ''Iguanodon'' and perhaps its closest relatives. Classification The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012, and shows the position of Hadrosauroidea within Styracosterna. The cladogram below follows an analysis by Wu Wenhao and Pascal Godefroit (2012). Cladogram after Prieto-Marquez and Norell (2010). A phylogenetic analysis performed by Ramírez-Velasco ''et al.'' (2012) foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koshisaurus
''Koshisaurus'' is a monospecific genus of basal hadrosauroid from the Kitadani Formation in Japan. The discovery of the genus suggests that hadrosauroids had higher diversity along the eastern margin of Asia in the Early Cretaceous. "Koshi" means an old Japanese regional name including Fukui prefecture where fossils of the genus were discovered. Description ''Koshisaurus'' was unlike most hadrosauroids due to the fact that it possessed an antorbital fossa, as well as three subsidiary ridges on its maxillary teeth, similar to those of '' Equijubus''. These ridges are also present on the also Asian genera ''Xuwulong'', ''Jinzhousaurus'' and '' Altirhinus''; but all three lack antorbital fossae, placing them as more advanced than ''Koshisaurus''., See also * Timeline of hadrosaur research A timeline is a display of a list of events in chronological order. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates paralleling it, and usually contempora ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadrosaurid
Hadrosaurids (), or duck-billed dinosaurs, are members of the ornithischian family Hadrosauridae. This group is known as the duck-billed dinosaurs for the flat duck-bill appearance of the bones in their snouts. The ornithopod family, which includes genera such as ''Edmontosaurus'' and ''Parasaurolophus'', was a common group of herbivores during the Late Cretaceous Period. Hadrosaurids are descendants of the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaurs and had a similar body layout. Hadrosaurs were among the most dominant herbivores during the Late Cretaceous in Asia and North America, and during the close of the Cretaceous several lineages dispersed into Europe, Africa, South America and Antarctica. Like other ornithischians, hadrosaurids had a predentary bone and a pubic bone which was positioned backwards in the pelvis. Unlike more primitive iguanodonts, the teeth of hadrosaurids are stacked into complex structures known as dental batteries, which acted as effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batyrosaurus
''Batyrosaurus'' is an extinct genus of herbivorous basal hadrosauroid dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Bostobe Formation (Santonian to Campanian stage) of central Kazakhstan. It contains a single species, ''Batyrosaurus rozhdestvenskyi''. It is possible that ''Batyrosaurus'' represents the same taxon as the doubtful '' Arstanosaurus akkurganensis'' as both were found from the same formation. The type species ''Batyrosaurus rozhdestvenskyi'' was in 2012 named and described by Pascal Godefroit, François Escuillié, Yuri Bolotsky and Pascaline Lauters. The generic name is derived from the ''Batyr'', the Kazakh hero warriors. The specific name honours Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky. The holotype, AEHM 4/1, was found near Akkurgan in a layer of the Bostobinskaya Formation dating from the Santonian-Campanian, about eighty-four millions year old. It consists of a partial skeleton, including a partial skull, the lower jaws, sixty individual teeth, the sterna, the ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zuoyunlong
''Zuoyunlong'' is an extinct genus of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur belonging to the Hadrosauroidea, that lived during the Late Cretaceous in the area of present China. Discovery and naming The holotype, SXMG V 00 004, was found by the team of the Shanxi Regional Geological Survey in a layer of the Zhumapu Formation in the province of Shanxi which dates from the Cenomanian, roughly ninety-five million years old. It consists of two bones from the right-hand half of the pelvis, a partial right ilium with the field number ZY004-001 to which the cover sheet is missing, and the lower end of the shaft of the right ischium, field number ZY004-002. Additional specimens are unassigned. In 2017 the type species ''Zuoyunlong huangi'' was named and described by Wang Runfu, You Hailu, Wang Suozhu, Shichao Xu, Yi Jian, Xie Lijuan, Jia and Lei Xing Hai. The generic name refers to the prefecture of Zuoyun with the Chinese word ''long'', "dragon". The specific name honors the Chinese pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penelopognathus
''Penelopognathus'' (meaning "wild duck jaw") is a genus of dinosaur which lived during the Early Cretaceous. It was an iguanodont ancestral to hadrosaurids, which also contributes to the hypothesis that hadrosauroids originated in Asia. Fossils have been found in the Bayin-Gobi Formation in what is now China. The type species, ''Penelopognathus weishampeli'', named after David Weishampel, was described by Godefroit, Li, and Shang in 2005, based on fragmentary jaw fossils. Godefroit, P., Li, H., and Shang, C.Y. (2005). "A new primitive hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P.R. China)". ''Comptes Rendus Palevol'' 4(8):697-705. . Its jaw is similar to that of ''Altirhinus'' and ''Probactrosaurus'', suggesting that ''Penelopognathus'' was related to the two genera. Prieto-Márquez and Carrera Farias (2021) found that ''Telmatosaurus'' was the sister taxon to ''Penelopognathus'', which was also found to be closely related to ''Lophorhothon'', as opposed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equijubus
''Equijubus'' (; ''Mǎzōng'' meaning "horse mane" after the area Mǎzōng Mountain 马鬃山 in which it was found), is a genus of herbivorous hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous ( Albian stage) of northwestern China. Discovery and naming The type (and only known) specimen was found in the summer of 2000 by a Chinese-American expedition in the Mazong (= "horse mane") Shan area of China's Gansu Province.You, Luo, Shubin, Witmer, Tang and Tang (2003). "The earliest-known duck-billed dinosaur from deposits of late Early Cretaceous age in northwest China and hadrosaurid evolution." ''Cretaceous Research'', 24: 347-353. In 2002 You Hialu in a dissertation named and described the species ''Equijubus normani''. The generic name is derived from Latin ''equus'', "horse", and ''juba'', "mane". The specific epithet "normani" is in honour of British palaeontologist David B. Norman. However, such a ''nomen ex dissertatione'' does not constitute a valid name. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolong
''Bolong'' (meaning "Bo's dragon") is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous-age Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, China. It lived about 125 million years ago in the earliest Aptian. Discovery and naming It was named by Wu Wen-hao, Pascal Godefroit and Hu Dong-yu in 2010. The type species is ''Bolong yixianensis''. The genus name is derived from the names of the brothers Bo Hai-chen and Bo Xue, who helped uncover it, and the Mandarin word 龍 ''lóng'' "dragon". The specific epithet refers to the Yixian Formation where it was found. The holotype fossil, YHZ-001, consists of a highly compressed skull with lower jaws from which a middle portion is missing. In 2013 a second specimen (ZMNH-M8812) was described consisting of an almost complete skeleton of a very young animal. It was found by a farmer near the village of Xitaizhi in Inner Mongolia. Description ''Bolong'' was a relatively small animal with an estimated length of four meters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mantellisaurus
''Mantellisaurus'' is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur that lived in the Barremian and early Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous Period of Europe. Its remains are known from Belgium ( Bernissart), England, Spain and Germany. The type and only species is ''M. atherfieldensis''. Formerly known as '' Iguanodon atherfieldensis'', the new genus ''Mantellisaurus'' was erected for the species by Gregory Paul in 2007. According to Paul, ''Mantellisaurus'' was more lightly built than ''Iguanodon'' and more closely related to ''Ouranosaurus'', making ''Iguanodon'' in its traditional sense paraphyletic. It is known from many complete and almost complete skeletons. The genus name honours Gideon Mantell, the discoverer of ''Iguanodon''. History of discovery Discovery and naming of the holotype The holotype fossil, NHMUK R5764, was originally discovered by Reginald Walter Hooley in 1914 in the upper Vectis Formation of southern England and reported upon in 1917. He posthumously named it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altirhinus
''Altirhinus'' (; "high snout") is a genus of hadrosauroid ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous period of Mongolia. History of discovery All known specimens of ''Altirhinus'' were recovered in 1981 during collaborative expeditions organized by Soviet Union, Soviet and Mongolian scientists, from the Khuren Dukh Formation in the Dornogovi Province of Mongolia. The Khukhtek was formed in the Aptian to Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous Period, which lasted from between 125 and 100.5 million years ago. ''Psittacosaurus'' and the primitive ankylosauridae, ankylosaurid ''Shamosaurus'' have also been found in these rocks. Several fossil specimens of different ages and sizes are known. The holotype, PIN 3386/8, is a skull, which is well preserved on the left side, as well as some postcranial material consisting of pieces of the hands, feet, shoulder and pelvis, pelvic girdles. A more fragmentary skull was also recovered, associated with some ribs, fragmentary vertebrae, and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siamodon
''Siamodon'' is an extinct genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur from Early Cretaceous deposits of northeastern Thailand. Discovery ''Siamodon'' is known from the holotype PRC-4, a well-preserved left maxilla and from the referred materials PRC-5, an isolated maxillary tooth and PRC-6, a braincase. It was collected in the Ban Saphan Hin site, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, from the Khok Kruat Formation, dating to the Aptian stage of the late Early Cretaceous, about 125-113 million years ago. Description ''Siamodon'' shows a combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features, including a maxilla shaped like an isosceles triangle, with the dorsal process located at about mid-length of the bone; a strong longitudinal bulge on the medial surface of the maxilla; at least 25 maxillary teeth, which bear a prominent median primary ridge, and one short weak subsidiary ridge or no subsidiary ridge at all, and mamillated denticles on the crown margins. The maxilla is 230 millimete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 mya; their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs—birds—and the extinct non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. Dinosaurs are varied from taxonomic, morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds, at over 10,700 living species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ornithischia
Ornithischia () is an extinct order of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds. The name ''Ornithischia'', or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek stem ' (), meaning "of a bird", and ' (), plural ', meaning "hip joint". However, birds are only distantly related to this group as birds are theropod dinosaurs. Ornithischians with well known anatomical adaptations include the ceratopsians or "horn-faced" dinosaurs (e.g. '' Triceratops''), the pachycephalosaurs or "thick-headed" dinosaurs, the armored dinosaurs ( Thyreophora) such as stegosaurs and ankylosaurs, and the ornithopods. There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults. Some were at least partially covered in filamentous (hair- or feather- like) pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filamen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
