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Hadrosauriforms
Ankylopollexia is an extinct clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. It is a derived clade of iguanodontian ornithopods and contains the subgroup Styracosterna. The name stems from the Greek word, “ankylos”, mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, “pollex”, meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most likely synapomorphic feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Research 2 (2): 234–56 First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the Jurassic, Ankylopollexia became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the Cretaceous, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the Maastrichtian. They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cumnoria
''Cumnoria'' is a genus of herbivorous iguanodontian dinosaur. It was a basal iguanodontian that lived during the Late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian age) in what is now Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Description The holotype of ''Cumnoria'' is a rather small bipedal animal with a slender build, about 3.5 metres (11.4 feet) long. The specimen is a juvenile due to the general lack of fusion among all of its vertebrae and ribs. It can be distinguished from all other iguanodontians by the presence of a prominent ridge on the sternal process of the coracoid and an oval muscle scar on the front of the deltopectoral crest of the humerus. Uniquely among non-hadrosauriforms, the ventral and dorsal margins of the scapula only moderately diverge from each other, and there is no defined cingulum on the dentary teeth. History of discovery ''Cumnoria'' is known from the holotype OXFUM J.3303, a partial skull and postcranium, recovered from the lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation, in the Chaw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third Epoch (geology), epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time scale, geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic stratum, strata.Owen 1987. In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, ''Malm'' was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units. Subdivisions The Late Jurassic is divided into three ages, which correspond with the three (faunal) stages of Upper Jurassic rock: Paleogeography During the Late Jurassic Epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean, which initially was relatively narrow. Life forms This epoch is well known for many famous types of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bayannurosaurus
''Bayannurosaurus'' is a non-hadrosauriform ankylopollexian ornithopod described in 2018 by Xu Xing. It lived during the early Aptian period, being found in the Bayin-Gobi Formation of China. The genus includes the type species ''Bayannurosaurus perfectus''. A phylogenetic analysis of ''Bayannurosaurus'' indicates that it is more derived than ''Hypselospinus'', yet less derived than ''Ouranosaurus'' and just outside of the Hadrosauriformes. It was a large iguanodontian, measuring up to in total body length. The genus name ''Bayannurosaurus'' comes from Bayannur, the area where it was found, while the species name ''perfectus'' comes from the "perfect" preservation of the holotype specimen (IMMNH PV00001). Discovery and naming In the summer of 2013 a joint expedition of the Long Hao Institute of Geology and Paleontology and the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology explored the Chulumiao locality of Bayannur, China. This locality is at the middle of the upp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Napaisaurus
''Napaisaurus'' is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Xinlong Formation of Guangxi, China. The type and only species is ''N. guangxiensis''. Discovery and naming The ''Napaisaurus'' holotype, FS-20-007–008, consists of a right ilium and ischium discovered in 2020. A mix of diagonstic characters observed in the material led Ji & Zhang to describe it as a new genus and species in 2022. The generic name, "''Napaisaurus''", combines a reference to the type locality in the Napai Basin with the Greek word "saurus", meaning "lizard". The specific name, "''guangxiensis''", references Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where the fossils were discovered. ''Napaisaurus'' represents the first basal iguanodontian to be named from southern China. ''Napaisaurus'' was mentioned in a review of fossil of ornithischians from Southeast Asia and southern China in 2023 by Manitkoon ''et al''. They suggested that the ''Napaisaurus'' holotype should be compared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnamanus
''Magnamanus'' is an extinct genus of herbivorous iguanodontian dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous in what is now Spain in the Golmayo Formation. It contains a single species, ''Magnamanus soriaensis''. Description ''Magnamanus'' is a large ornithopod measuring long and weighing around —a similar size to ''Iguanodon bernissartensis''. The hand is broad and similar to other basal members of Iguanodontia, with a protruding thumb spine and a fifth finger. The descriptors established nine distinctive features for this taxon, all autapomorphies. The dentary contributes to the front coronoid process of the lower jaw so that the last dentary tooth is located on the slope of the protrusion, instead of on the basis of it. The length of the shoulder amounts to six times the upper width, and seven times the minimum width. In the shoulder the front processus acromion is facing on the other side of the rear projection. When the humerus is the inner corner of the upper edge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lurdusaurus
''Lurdusaurus'' ("heavy lizard") is a genus of massive and unusually shaped iguanodont dinosaur from the Elrhaz Formation in Niger. It contains one species, ''L. arenatus''. The formation dates to the Early Cretaceous, roughly 112 million years ago. ''Lurdusaurus'' has a highly atypical body plan for an iguanodont, with a small skull, long neck, rotund torso, and powerful forelimbs and claws, somewhat reminiscent of a ground sloth. Its metacarpals (wrist bones) are fused and reinforced into a large block, and the thumb spike is remarkably enormous. These would have allowed the hand to have functioned almost like a ball-and-chain flail. ''Lurdusaurus'' is estimated to have been long and high when on all-fours, but its stomach would have been only off the ground. It may have weighed , conspicuously heavy for an iguanodontid this size. Paleontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. speculated ''Lurdusaurus'' may have behaved much like a hippo. It lived in a forested, riverine environment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lanzhousaurus
''Lanzhousaurus'' (meaning "Lanzhou lizard") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur. ''Lanzhousaurus'' lived in the Gansu region of what is now China during the Early Cretaceous (Barremian). A partial skeleton has been recovered from the Hekou Group. It was described by You, Ji and Li in 2005 and the type and only species is ''Lanzhousaurus magnidens''. It has been estimated to be about 10 meters (33 feet) in length and 6 tonnes (6.6 short tons) in weight. Dentition The genus has been described as having "astonishingly huge teeth", among the largest for any herbivorous creature ever, which indicate it was a styracosternan iguanodont. The mandible, longer than one meter, suggests a very large size for the animal. Tooth enamel of this dinosaur was growing very rapidly. Celina A. Suarez, Hai-Lu You, Marina B. Suarez, Da-Qing Li & J. B. Trieschmann (2017). Stable Isotopes Reveal Rapid Enamel Elongation (Amelogenesis) Rates for the Early Cretaceous Iguanodontian Dinosaur ''Lanzhousaurus m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iguanacolossus
''Iguanacolossus'' (meaning "iguana colossus" or "colossal iguana") is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Early Cretaceous period. It is known from UMNH VP 20205, the associated holotype with a large partial skeleton of a single individual. Discovery and naming The holotype of ''Iguanacolossus'', UMNH VP 20205, was discovered by Donald D. DeBlieux in 2005, unearthed from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah; dating from the Valanginian stage in the Early Cretaceous, it wasn't named and described until 2010 in paleontology, 2010 by Andrew T. McDonald, James I. Kirkland, Donald D. DeBlieux, Scott K. Madsen, Jennifer Cavin, Andrew R. C. Milner, and Lukas Panzarin, along with the genus ''Hippodraco'', also from the Cedar Mountain Formation. UMNH VP 20205 is assigned to a single individual, including skull elements: fragmented predentary, partial right maxilla, right squamosal, teeth, right and left Quadrate bone, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
