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Groma (surveying)
The groma (as standardized in the imperial Latin, sometimes ''croma'', or ''gruma'' in the literature of the republican times) was a surveying instrument used in the Roman Empire. The groma allowed projecting right angles and straight lines and thus enabling the centuriation (setting up of a rectangular grid). It is the only Roman surveying tool with examples that survive to the present day. History The name "groma" came to Latin from the Greek ''gnoma'' via the Etruscan language. It is unclear which of the many meanings of the ''gnomon'' (cf. Liddell & Scott, "gnoma" is a form) was used, although in multiple sources the Greek term is used to designate the central point of a camp or town. Dividing the land into rectangular plots was used by the Ancient Greeks, Egyptians and even Mesopotamians. However, the sheer scale of Roman centuriation from the 2nd century BC, when the new colonies were formed mostly to provide for veterans and landless citizens, was unprecedented, so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Museo Della Centuriazione Romana (Borgoricco) 02 , station on line 1 of the Naples Metro
{{disambiguation ...
Museo may refer to: * ''Museum'' (2018 film), Mexican drama heist film *Museo station Museo is a Naples Metro station on Line 1. It opened on 5 April 2001 as the eastern terminus of the section of the line between Vanvitelli and Museo. On 27 March 2002 the line was extended to Dante. The station is located between Materdei and D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clarendon Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books by decree in 1586. It is the second-oldest university press after Cambridge University Press, which was founded in 1534. It is a department of the University of Oxford. It is governed by a group of 15 academics, the Delegates of the Press, appointed by the vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford. The Delegates of the Press are led by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies. Oxford University Press has had a similar governance structure since the 17th century. The press is located on Walton Street, Oxford, opposite Somerville College, in the inner suburb of Jericho. For the last 400 years, OUP has focused primarily on the publication of pedagogic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centuria (unit Of Measure)
During centuriation (Ancient Roman land surveying), centuria was a basic unit of area, representing a square of 20 actus (710 meters, 2400 Roman feet) on a side (an area of about 50 hectares). The name derives from the fact that in new colonies each centuria can be subdivided into 100 lots of heredium size (equal to two jugera each, or about 0.5 hectare) that were typically allocated to 100 families of colonists. Although the "normal" size of centuria (20x20 actus = 200 jugera) was dominant, the contemporary Roman sources as well as modern archeological results suggest that centuria varied in size from 50 to 400 jugera, with some subdivisions using non-square plots. Written sources describe centuria as large as 80x16 actus = 640 jugera in Luceria, although Flach considers this record "not credible". Despite the Roman foot definitions varying by time and geography, the surviving centuriation divisions are consistent, with normal size centuria side measurements from 703 meters i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Per Mille
The phrase per mille () indicates parts per thousand. The associated symbol is , similar to a per cent sign but with an extra zero in the division (mathematics), divisor. Major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling, giving other options of per mil, per mill, permil, permill, permille. The word is the cognate in Dutch, German, Finnish and Swedish, and is sometimes seen as a loanword in English with the same meaning as ''per mille''. (Page 258) The symbol is included in the General Punctuation (Unicode block), General Punctuation block of Unicode at .Unicode.General Punctuation. 2014. Accessed 5 Aug 2014. There is also an Arabic-Indic per mille sign at . Examples Blood alcohol concentration Promille and permille are likely best known as shorthand terms for Blood Alcohol Concentration, where 1 promille corresponds to 1 gram of alcohol per liter of blood. Promille is used in the legal limits of BAC by volume, blood-alcohol content for driving a road vehicle in some count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dioptra
A dioptra (sometimes also named dioptre or diopter, from ) is a classical astronomical and surveying instrument, dating from the 3rd century BC. The dioptra was a sighting tube or, alternatively, a rod with a sight at both ends, attached to a stand. If fitted with protractors, it could be used to measure angles. Use Greek astronomers used the dioptra to measure the positions of stars; both Euclid and Geminus refer to the dioptra in their astronomical works. It continued in use as an effective surveying tool. Adapted to surveying, the dioptra is similar to the theodolite, or surveyor's transit, which dates to the sixteenth century. It is a more accurate version of the groma. There is some speculation that it may have been used to build the Eupalinian aqueduct. Called "one of the greatest engineering achievements of ancient times," it is a tunnel long, excavated through a mountain on the Greek island of Samos during the reign of Polycrates in the sixth century B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pompeii
Pompeii ( ; ) was a city in what is now the municipality of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy. Along with Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Villa Boscoreale, many surrounding villas, the city was buried under of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Largely preserved under the ash, Pompeii offers a unique snapshot of Culture of ancient Rome, Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried, as well as insight into ancient urban planning. It was a wealthy town of 10,000 to 20,000 residents at the time it was destroyed. It hosted many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and artworks, which were the main attractions for early excavators; subsequent excavations have found hundreds of private homes and businesses reflecting various architectural styles and social classes, as well as numerous public buildings. Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies, were interred in the as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolf Schulten
Adolf Schulten (27 May 1870 – 19 March 1960) was a German historian and archaeologist. Schulten was born in Elberfeld, Rhine Province, and received a doctorate in geology from the University of Bonn in 1892. He studied in Italy, Africa and Greece with support from the Institute of Archaeology. After obtaining the chair of ancient history at the University of Erlangen, he continued his work in Spain with great dedication and to this day is considered a key influence upon archaeological study in Spain. Schulten led the 1905-12 excavations of the Celtiberian city of Numantia and the Roman camps nearby and in 1924 searched without success for the location of Tartessos. Starting in 1948 he worked on the ruins of Tarraco and in the localities of Mainake, Munda and Segeda. In recognition of his work, Schulten received a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Barcelona and the Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise, from the Spanish state in 1940. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boundary Marker
A boundary marker, border marker, boundary stone, or border stone is a robust physical marker that identifies the start of a land Border, boundary or the change in a boundary, especially a change in direction of a boundary. There are several other types of named border markers, known as boundary trees, pillars, monuments, obelisks, and corners. Border markers can also be markers through which a border line runs in a straight line to determine that border. They can also be the markers from which a border marker has been fixed. Purpose According to Josiah Ober, boundary markers are "a way of imposing human, cultural, social meanings upon a once-undifferentiated natural environment." Boundary markers are linked to social hierarchies, since they derive their meaning from the authority of a person or group to declare the limits of a given space of land for political, social or religious reasons. Ober notes that "determining who can use parcels of arable land and for what purpose, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacob's Staff
The term Jacob's staff is used to refer to several things, also known as cross-staff, a ballastella, a fore-staff, a ballestilla, or a balestilha. In its most basic form, a Jacob's staff is a stick or pole with length markings; most staffs are much more complicated than that, and usually contain a number of measurement and stabilization features. The two most frequent uses are: * in astronomy and navigation for a simple device to measure angles, later replaced by the more precise sextants; * in surveying (and scientific fields that use surveying techniques, such as geology and ecology) for a vertical rod that penetrates or sits on the ground and supports a compass or other instrument. The simplest use of a Jacob's staff is to make qualitative judgements of the height and angle of an object relative to the user of the staff. In astronomy and navigation In navigation the instrument is also called a cross-staff and was used to determine angles, for instance the angle between th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbilicus (reference Point)
In a typical Roman city, an umbilicus (''umbilicus urbis'', "city navel") represented the reference point used by the city planners to map out the city spaces, including the pomerium, a sacred city boundary. The place for an umbilicus was supposedly set by examining the sky. The standard city plan included two major thoroughfares, decumanus maximus and cardo maximus, intersecting at the umbilicus thus starting the centuriation (surveying). Umbilicus played an important spiritual role. Not only it symbolized the birth of a city; a mundus cerialis, an underground chamber dedicated to the underground gods, was dug next to it as a part of the breaking ground for the city. The Roman idea of an absolute and unchangeable center of the city is related to the beliefs that the city is a permanent dwelling of gods, with both the umbilicus and the pomerium predestined by the divine forces; even if the city was physically destroyed, it was not forsaken for as long as the deities remained. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plumb Bob
A plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical direction as a reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum. It is typically made of stone, wood, or lead, but can also be made of other metals. If it is used for decoration, it may be made of bone or ivory. The instrument has been used since at least the time of ancient EgyptDenys A. Stocks. Experiments in Egyptian archaeology: stoneworking technology in Ancient Egypt'. Routledge; 2003. . p. 180. to ensure that constructions are " plumb", or vertical. It is also used in surveying, to establish the nadir (opposite of zenith) with respect to gravity of a point in space. It is used with a variety of instruments (including levels, theodolites, and steel tapes) to set the instrument exactly over a fixed survey marker or to transcribe positions onto the ground for placing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
