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Giant Cells, Langhans
Langhans giant cells (LGC) are giant cells found in granulomatous conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells (macrophages), and contain nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-shaped pattern in the cell periphery. Although traditionally their presence was associated with tuberculosis, they are not specific for tuberculosis or even for mycobacterial disease. In fact, they are found in nearly every form of granulomatous disease, regardless of etiology. Terminology Langhans giant cells are named after Theodor Langhans (1839–1915), a German pathologist. Causes In 2012, a research paper showed that when activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes are in close contact, interaction of CD40-CD40L between these two cells and subsequent IFNγ secretion by the T cells causes upregulation and secretion of fusion-related molecule DC-STAMP (dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein) by the monocytes, which results in LGC formation. Clinical significance Langhans giant cells are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Granulation Tissue Containg A Poorly Formed Granuloma With A Langhan's Giant Cell
Granulation is the process of forming grains or granules from a powdery or solid substance, producing a granular material. It is applied in several technological processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Typically, granulation involves agglomeration of fine particles into larger granules, typically of size range between 0.2 and 4.0 mm depending on their subsequent use. Less commonly, it involves shredding or grinding solid material into finer granules or pellets. From powder The granulation process combines one or more powder particles and forms a granule that will allow tableting to be within required limits. It is the process of collecting particles together by creating bonds between them. Bonds are formed by compression or by using a binding agent. Granulation is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry, for manufacturing of tablets and pellets. This way predictable and repeatable process is possible and granules of consistent quality can be produce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD40
Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a type I transmembrane protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 (CD40L) on T helper cell, TH cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of downstream effects. Activated CD4+ T cells primarily exhibit its ligand CD40L/CD154 to antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, macrophages, classical and non-classical monocytes, on a variety of non-immune cells including platelets and endothelial cells, and on several types of tumor cells. Mutations affecting this gene are the cause of autosomal recessive Hyper IgM syndrome, hyper-IgM immunodeficiency. Discovery Between the late 1950s and the mid-1980s, several immunology laboratories started to use the new hybridoma technology to develop Monoclonal antibody, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and define receptors expressed at different stages of hematopoietic cell differentiation. The goal of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
