|
Florfenicol
Florfenicol (marketed by Schering-Plough Animal Health under the brand name Nuflor) is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol, mainly used as a antibiotic in veterinary medicine. Florfenicol is available a generic medication. Veterinary uses In the United States, florfenicol is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with '' Mannheimia haemolytica'', ''Pasteurella multocida'', and ''Histophilus somni'', for treatment of bovine interdigital phlegmon (foot rot, acute interdigital necrobacillosis, infectious pododermatitis) associated with '' Fusobacterium necrophorum'' and '' Prevotella melaninogenica''. In swine, it is indicated for the treatment of respiratory infections caused by ''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'', ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'', ''Glaesserella parasuis'', ''P. multocida'', and ''Streptococcus suis''. Florfenicol is also used in aquaculture, and is licensed for use in the United States for the control of enteri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Histophilus Somni
''Histophilus somni'' is a non-motile, gram-negative, rod or coccobacillus shaped, facultative anaerobe bacterial species belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. Prior to 2003, it was thought ''Haemophilus somnus'', ''Histophilus ovis'', and ''Histophilus agni'' were three different species, but now are all classified as ''Histophilus somni''. ''Histophilus somni'' is a commensal bacteria of mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and reproductive tract with a global prevalence and is found in cattle and other small ruminants. ''Histophilus somni'' is also a known causative agent that is a part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) complex, which typically involves multiple pathogens residing together in biofilm environments. ''Histophilus somni'' may also cause Histophilosus symptoms and clinical presentation will depend on the tissue affected. When disease does occur, it can be difficult to catch in time and is often diagnosed post mortem. This means that treatment of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavobacterium Psychrophilum
''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is a psychrophilic, gram-negative bacterial rod (3-5 μm in length), belonging to the Bacteroidota. It is the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) and was first isolated in 1948 during a die-off in the salmonid ''Oncorhynchus kisutch''.Starliper, C. E. (2011). Bacterial coldwater disease of fishes caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Advanced Research, 2(2), 97-108. Characteristics ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is a gram-negative bacteria ranging in size of 0.75-1.0 μm wide by 3-5 μm long. It is found in cold, fresh waters with an optimal growth temperature below 16C.Hesami, S., Metcalf, D. S., Lumsden, J. S., & MacInnes, J. I. (2011). Identification of Cold-Temperature-Regulated Genes in Flavobacterium psychrophilum . Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(5), 1593–1600. doi:10.1128/AEM.01717-10 When grown on Cytophaga Agar, ''F. psychrophilum'' produces bright yellow colonies with thin sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intramuscular
Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several methods for parenteral administration of medications. Intramuscular injection may be preferred because muscles have larger and more numerous blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue, leading to faster absorption than subcutaneous or intradermal injections. Medication administered via intramuscular injection is not subject to the first-pass metabolism effect which affects oral medications. Common sites for intramuscular injections include the deltoid muscle of the upper arm and the gluteal muscle of the buttock. In infants, the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh is commonly used. The injection site must be cleaned before administering the injection, and the injection is then administered in a fast, darting motion to decrease the discomfort to the individual. The volume to be injected in the muscle is usually limited to 2–5 milliliters, depending ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Streptococcus Suis
''Streptococcus suis'' is a peanut-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, and an important pathogen of pigs. Endemic in nearly all countries with an extensive pig industry, ''S. suis'' is also a zoonotic disease, capable of transmission to humans from pigs. Humans can be infected with ''S. suis'' when they handle infected pig carcasses or meat, especially with exposed cuts and abrasions on their hands. Human infection can be severe, with meningitis, septicaemia, endocarditis, and deafness as possible outcomes of infection. Fatal cases of ''S. suis'' are uncommon, but not unknown. Penicillin is the most common antibiotic used in treatment of ''S. suis'' infection; in cases with cardiac involvement (endocarditis), gentamicin should also be given for synergistic effect. Epidemiology and transmission The natural habitat of ''S. suis'' in pigs is the upper respiratory tract, particularly the tonsils and nasal cavity, and the alimentary and genital tracts. An individual pig can carry mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetamides
Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2. It is an amide derived from ammonia and acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound ''N'',''N''-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide. Acetamide can be considered an intermediate between acetone, which has two methyl (CH3) groups either side of the carbonyl (CO), and urea which has two amide (NH2) groups in those locations. Acetamide is also a naturally occurring mineral with the IMA symbol: Ace. Production Laboratory scale Acetamide can be produced in the laboratory from ammonium acetate by dehydration: : H4CH3CO2] → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O Alternatively acetamide can be obtained in excellent yield via ammonolysis of acetylacetone under conditions commonly used in reductive amination. It can also be made from anhydrous acetic acid, acetonitrile and very well dried hydrogen chloride gas, u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Streptococcus Iniae
''Streptococcus iniae'' is a species of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacterium belonging to the genus '' Streptococcus''. Since its isolation from an Amazon freshwater dolphin in the 1970s, ''S. iniae'' has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide, resulting in over US$100M in annual losses. Since its discovery, ''S. iniae'' infections have been reported in at least 27 species of cultured or wild fish from around the world. Freshwater and saltwater fish including tilapia, red drum, hybrid striped bass, and rainbow trout are among those susceptible to infection by ''S. iniae''. Infections in fish manifest as meningoencephalitis, skin lesions, and septicemia. ''S. iniae'' has occasionally produced infection in humans, especially fish handlers of Asian descent. Human infections include sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, and inflammation of the skin, intervertebral discs, or inner layer of the heart. Identifying ''S. iniae'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edwardsiella Ictaluri
''Edwardsiella ictaluri'' (also known as enteric septicaemia of catfish, hole in the head diseaseThis term is also used for head and lateral line erosion, an unrelated disease affecting many aquarium fish species. and ESC) is a member of the family Hafniaceae. The bacterium is a short, gram negative, pleomorphic rod with flagella. It causes the disease enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC), which infects a variety of fish species (including many catfish species, knifefish and barbs). The bacteria can cause either acute septicaemia or chronic encephalitis in infected fish. Outbreaks normally occur in spring and autumn. ''Edwardsiella ictaluri'' can be found in Asia and the United States, being of particular economic importance in the U.S. It is not a zoonosis. Clinical signs and diagnosis Acute ESC infection causes an acute septicaemia that presents as multiple petechial haemorrhages that develop into depigmented ulcers. Additional clinical signs include abnormal behavior, ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavobacterium Columnare
''Flavobacterium columnare'' is a thin Gram-negative rod bacterium of the genus ''Flavobacterium''. The name derives from the way in which the organism grows in rhizoid columnar formations. The species was first described by Davis (1922), and the name was validated by Bernardet and Grimont (1989). ''Flavobacterium columnare'' can be identified in the laboratory by a five-step method that demonstrates: # the ability to grow on a medium containing neomycin and polymyxin B # production of yellow pigmented rhizoid (root-like in appearance) colonies # production of a gelatin-degrading enzyme # binding of Congo red dye to the colony # production of a chondroitin sulfate-degrading enzyme The species has been known previously as ''Flexibacter columnaris'', ''Bacillus columnaris'', and ''Cytophaga columnaris''. ''Flavobacterium columnare'' is one of the oldest known diseases among warm-water fish, and manifests itself as an infection commonly known as columnaris. Infections are the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeromonas Salmonicida
''Aeromonas salmonicida'' is a pathogenic bacterium that severely impacts salmonid populations and other species. It was first discovered in a Bavarian brown trout hatchery by Emmerich and Weibel in 1894. ''Aeromonas salmonicida's'' ability to infect a variety of hosts, multiply, and adapt, make it a prime virulent bacterium. ''A. salmonicida'' is an etiological agent for furunculosis, a disease that causes sepsis, haemorrhages, muscle lesions, inflammation of the lower intestine, spleen enlargement, and death in freshwater fish populations. It is found worldwide with the exception of South America. The major route of contamination is poor water quality; however, it can also be associated stress factors such as overcrowding, high temperatures, and trauma. Spawning and smolting fish are prime victims of furunculosis due to their immunocompromised state of being. Morphology and bacterial characteristics ''Aeromonas salmonicida'' is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, nonmoti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Food And Drug Administration
Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth. Different species of animals have different feeding behaviours that satisfy the needs of their metabolisms and have evolved to fill a specific ecological niche within specific geographical contexts. Omnivorous humans are highly adaptable and have adapted to obtaining food in many different ecosystems. Humans generally use cooking to prepare food for consumption. The majority of the food energy required is supplied by the industrial food industry, which produces food through intensive agriculture and distributes it through complex food processing and food distribution systems. This system of conventional agriculture relies he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Food And Drug Administration
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a List of United States federal agencies, federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, caffeine products, dietary supplements, Prescription drug, prescription and Over-the-counter drug, over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, Animal feed, animal foods & feed and Veterinary medicine, veterinary products. The FDA's primary focus is enforcement of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C). However, the agency also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act as well as associated regulations. Much of this regulatory-enforcement work is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
