''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is a psychrophilic,
gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists ...
bacterial rod (3-5 μm in length), belonging to the
Bacteroidota
The phylum (biology), phylum Bacteroidota (synonym Bacteroidetes) is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the envir ...
. It is the causative agent of
bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) and was first isolated in 1948 during a die-off in the salmonid ''
Oncorhynchus kisutch
The coho salmon (''Oncorhynchus kisutch;'' Karuk: achvuun) is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family (biology), family and one of the five Pacific salmon species. Coho salmon are also known as silver salmon (or "silvers") and is often ...
''.
[Starliper, C. E. (2011). Bacterial coldwater disease of fishes caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Advanced Research, 2(2), 97-108.]
Characteristics
''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is a gram-negative bacteria ranging in size of 0.75-1.0 μm wide by 3-5 μm long. It is found in cold, fresh waters with an optimal growth temperature below 16C.
[Hesami, S., Metcalf, D. S., Lumsden, J. S., & MacInnes, J. I. (2011). Identification of Cold-Temperature-Regulated Genes in Flavobacterium psychrophilum . Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(5), 1593–1600. doi:10.1128/AEM.01717-10] When grown on
Cytophaga Agar, ''F. psychrophilum'' produces bright yellow colonies with thin spreading margins not greater than 3mm in diameter.
[ Motility is achieved by gliding, movement that does not involve the use of pili or flagella.][ The bacterium is positive for gelatin hydrolysis, ]albumin digestion
Albumin is a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins. All of the proteins of the albumin family are water-soluble, moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experience heat denaturation. Album ...
, tributyrin digestion
Tributyrin is a triglyceride naturally present in butter. It is an ester composed of butyric acid and glycerol. Among other things, it is used as an ingredient in making margarine. It is present in butter and can be described as a liquid fat wit ...
, tributyrin hydrolysis
Tributyrin is a triglyceride naturally present in butter. It is an ester composed of butyric acid and glycerol. Among other things, it is used as an ingredient in making margarine. It is present in butter and can be described as a liquid fat wit ...
, ''E.coli'' cell autolysis, and casein hydrolysis
Casein ( , from Latin ''caseus'' "cheese") is a family of related phosphoproteins ( αS1, aS2, β, κ) that are commonly found in mammalian milk, comprising about 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 60% of the proteins in huma ...
.[ On its fish host, the pathogen can be found on external and internal sites such as skin/mucus, gills, brain, ascites, lesions, mucus, kidney, spleen, and reproductive excretions of spawning adults.][Barnes, M. E., & Brown, M. L. (2011). A review of Flavobacterium psychrophilum biology, clinical signs, and bacterial cold water disease prevention and treatment. Open Fish Science Journal, 4, 40-48.] Colonization is evident by faint, white areas on the host.[
]
Metabolism
''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' has a strictly aerobic metabolism, but is unable to use carbohydrates
A carbohydrate () is a biomolecule composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms. The typical hydrogen-to-oxygen atomic ratio is 2:1, analogous to that of water, and is represented by the empirical formula (where ''m'' and ''n'' ma ...
as a source of carbon and energy. Instead, it relies on peptides for carbon and energy. Secreted proteases result in a mixture of amino acids and oligopeptides that comprise the main source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy.[Duchaud, E., Boussaha, M., Loux, V., Bernardet, J. F., Michel, C., Kerouault, B., ... & Benmansour, A. (2007). Complete genome sequence of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Nature biotechnology, 25(7), 763-769.] Peptidases degrade imported peptides to amino acids, which are then processed by amino acids catabolic pathways. The degradation of lipids to fatty acids is achieved by a phospholipase and by three enzymes of the esterase-lipase-thioesterase family.[ Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is performed by a long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase, three fatty acid dehydrogenases, a crotonase and three thiolases.][ Most of the degradation products of host proteins and lipids by the ''F. psychrophilum'' are available as citric acid cycle precursors.][
]
Phylogeny
Because of its yellow pigmentation, ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' was originally believed to be a myxobacterium.[ However, its inability to produce fruiting bodies or degrade complex polysaccharides considered this classification inappropriate and was then suggested to belong within the genus Flexibacter.][ The low G+C composition of the DNA of ''F. psychrophilum'' was inconsistent with the high G+C content of Flexibacter species.][Cipriano, R. C., & Holt, R. A. (2005). Flavobacterium psychrophilum, cause of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory.] Its DNA G+C demonstrated that it was more closely associated with those of ''Flavobacterium species''. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.
The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRN ...
indicated that ''F. psychrophilum, F.columnare,'' and ''F. maritimus'' were closely related and probably shared a common descent.[
]
Genome
The genome of ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' consists of a circular chromosome of 2,861,988 bp, which is predicted to contain 2,432 protein-coding genes.[ Compared to environmental members of the family, it has a small genome probably related to its restricted ecological niche. The genome encodes 13 assumed secreted proteases that are involved in virulence and destruction of the host's tissues.][ Also, the genome encodes for bacterial hemolysins that cooperate with proteases for tissue destruction and thiol-activated cytolysins like proteins that are responsible for host tissue damage.][
The genome of the organism encodes for an extensive aerobic respiratory chain. Genome analysis revealed that sugar kinase and phosphotransferase systems used by bacteria for specific carbohydrate uptake are absent. However, genes encoding for enzymes for the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway are present in its genome. These two pathways are therefore involved in precursor metabolites. Gene FP1110 and FP1111 encode for cyanophycinase and cyanophycin synthetase may serve as a storage compound for carbon, nitrogen, and energy and allowing the organism to survive in low-nutrient conditions.
]
Bacterial Coldwater Disease (BCWD)
''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is the causative agent of Bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD). Affected fish first display a whitish discoloration along the exterior side of the adipose fin then eventually progresses to invest the entire caudal peduncle. Infection can occur horizontally, between fish via waterborne and contact exposure, and vertically, because its association with early life stages of the fish.[ ''F. psychrophilum'' is able to resist ]lysozyme
Lysozyme (, muramidase, ''N''-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan ''N''-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. It is a glycoside hydrolase ...
concentration greater than those that occur within salmoid eggs, making vertical transmission possible.[ Treatment for BCWD is possible in early stages. Bath treatments with either water-soluble oxytetracyline or quaternary ammonium compounds are recommended, but such treatments are ineffective once the erosion of the peduncle and caudal fin become evident. In Europe, treatment has been successful with the use of oxytetracyline, amoxicillin, and florfenicol with little antibiotic resistance forming in the bacteria.][ Currently, there are no commercially licensed vaccines available for use against this pathogen.][
]
References
External links
Type strain of ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Taxonbar, from=Q18609891
Bacteria described in 1989
Psychrophiles
Bacterial diseases of fish
psychrophilum