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Family Separation In American Slavery
Family separation in American slavery was extremely common. According to one historian of the slave trade in the United States, "The magnitude of the trade, in terms of the lives it affected and families it destroyed, is without a doubt greater than any American Civil War, Civil War battlefield." There is widespread evidence of the pervasive nature of family separation: "A central feature of virtually every slave autobiography and of many of the slave interviews, for example, is the trauma caused slaves by forced family separation." Historian Calvin Schermerhorn wrote of Franklin and Armfield Office, Franklin & Armfield, entrepreneurs of the 1820s and 1830s, "As it innovated in finance and transportation, Franklin and Armfield became an engine of family wreckage and social disruption. What one contemporary critic called 'the Slave-Factory of Franklin & Armfield' produced captives by disarticulating families." The motivation for this family separation was market forces; Theophilus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slave Trade In The United States
The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Slavery was established throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during early colonial days, it was practiced in what became Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U.S. states until abolition. In the decades after the end of Reconstruction, many of slavery's economic and social functions were continued through segregation, sharecropping, and convict leasing. By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), the status of enslaved people had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. During and immediately follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction. Decades of political controversy over slavery were brought to a head by the victory in the 1860 U.S. presidential election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery's expansion into the west. An initial seven southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and, in 1861, forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. Led by Confederate President Jefferson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calvin Schermerhorn
Calvin Schermerhorn (born 1975) is an American historian who specializes in the study of slavery, capitalism, and African-American inequality. Educated at Saint Mary's College of Maryland, Harvard Divinity School and University of Virginia, he teaches at Arizona State University. In 2012, he annotated a newly recovered slave narrative by a man named Henry Goings, at which time Schermerhorn told a reporter, "The ' Old South' of Hollywood legend was actually a very new place by the time Goings was taken to Tennessee and Alabama in the 1820s and when he escaped from Alabama in the 1830s. Goings was a brilliant observer of places, events and human nature. He also was a gifted writer." His 2015 ''The Business of Slavery'' was about "how specific decisions and adaptations of individual slavers to changing conditions helped create an American empire of slavery," and "belies the alleged moral divide between the North and the South by reconstructing interregional and global networks of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franklin And Armfield Office
The Franklin and Armfield Office, which houses the Freedom House Museum, is a historic commercial building in Alexandria, Virginia ( until 1846, the District of Columbia). Built c. 1810–20, it was first used as a private residence before being converted to the offices of the largest slave trading firm in the United States, started in 1828 by Isaac Franklin and John Armfield. "As many as million people are thought to have passed through between 1828 and 1861, on their way to bondage in Mississippi and Louisiana". Another source, using ship manifests (lists of slaves) in the National Archives, gives the number as "at least 5,000". The former Franklin & Armfield Office building is located just west of Alexandria's Old Town, on the north side of Duke Street between South West and South Payne streets. It is a three-story brick building, topped by a mansard roof and resting on a brick foundation. Its front facade is laid in Flemish bond, while the sides and rear are laid in com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theophilus Freeman
Theophilus Freeman (after 1858?) was a 19th-century American slave trader of Virginia, Louisiana and Mississippi. He was known in his own time as wealthy and problematic. Freeman's business practices were described in two American Civil War, antebellum American slave narratives—that of John Brown (fugitive slave), John Brown and that of Solomon Northup—and he appears as a character in both filmed dramatizations of Northrup's ''Twelve Years a Slave''. Biography According to a United States census record, Freeman was born about 1800 in the U.S. state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia. Freeman may have been the son of Daniel Freeman of Jasper County, Georgia, as a Theophilus Freeman is named as a son and heir in Daniel Freeman's will and testament of January 30, 1840. Daniel Freeman was a pensioned veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Theophilus Freeman appears in the 1830 census of Prince William County, Virginiawhich is just outside the District of Columbia in northern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glossary Of American Slavery
This is a glossary of American slavery, terminology specific to the cultural, economic, and political history of slavery in the United States * Acclimated: Enslaved people with acquired immunity to infectious diseases such as cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, etc. * Broad wife: Also ''broad husband''; spouse of an enslaved person who lived on another plantation or in another settlement. * Buck: Male enslaved person, usually of reproductive age and often with a sexually suggestive connotation. * Coastwise: Transportation of enslaved people by ocean-going ship between the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. * Coffle: Group of enslaved people in a chain-gang for overland shipment on foot. * Field holler: African-American work songs with roots in the plantation era * Gang system: Form of enslaved-labor management, contrast task system * Griffe: Also, griffonne, a color/race descriptor most commonly used in Louisiana, usually describing someone who was one-quarter white and three-quarters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laurence Kotlikoff
Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff (born January 30, 1951) is a Professor of Economics at Boston University, a William Warren Fairfield Professor at Boston University, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a Fellow of the Econometric Society, and a former Senior Economist on the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Kotlikoff has made contributions in the fields and subfields of generational economics, fiscal policy, computational economics, economic growth, national saving, intra- and intergenerational inequality, sources of wealth accumulation, intergenerational altruism and intra-family risk sharing, banking reform, carbon taxation, and personal finance. He has also done work on Social Security, healthcare, tax, banking reform, inequality within and across generations, fiscal progressivity, carbon policy, and the potential risks of government Ponzi schemes even when a government safe interest ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American author and abolitionist. She came from the religious Beecher family and became best known for her novel '' Uncle Tom's Cabin'' (1852), which depicts the harsh conditions experienced by enslaved African Americans. The book reached an audience of millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and in Great Britain, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. Stowe wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and for her public stances and debates on social issues of the day. Life and work Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut on June 14, 1811.McFarland, Philip. ''Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe''. New York: Grove Press, 2007: 112. She was the sixth of 11 children born to outspoken Calvinist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narrative Of Henry Watson, A Fugitive Slave
''Narrative of Henry Watson, a fugitive slave'' is a slave narrative by Henry Watson (b. about 1813), an African-American slave and abolitionist. His work is autobiographical, characteristic of the slave narratives of fugitive slaves of the period before emancipation. It is written in a "polemical" style typical of fugitive slave narratives and details the abuses he experienced while enslaved. Unlike most fugitive slave narratives, however, Watson's memoir recounts his self-doubt rather than projecting an image of heroism. Summary Watson was enslaved for 26 years in Virginia and Mississippi before escaping to the North. Watson was born in 1813 in Virginia, and at the age of 8 he was taken away from his family and forced to serve a cruel slave master. At first in Virginia, while later he was forced to march to Natchez in order to be sold to Mississippi planters, according to his narrative he was marched in a coffle with others, treated like animals and threatened with corporal pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slave Narrative
The slave narrative is a type of literary genre involving the (written) autobiographical accounts of enslaved Africans, particularly in the Americas. Over six thousand such narratives are estimated to exist; about 150 narratives were published as separate books or pamphlets. In the United States during the Great Depression (1930s), more than 2,300 additional oral histories on life during slavery were collected by writers sponsored and published by the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. Most of the 26 audio-recorded interviews are held by the Library of Congress. Some of the earliest memoirs of captivity known in the English-speaking world were written by white Europeans and later Americans, captured and sometimes enslaved in North Africa by local Muslims, usually Barbary pirates. These were part of a broad category of " captivity narratives". Beginning in the 17th century, these included accounts by colonists and later American settlers in North America and the U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
WPA Slave Narratives
''Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States'' (often referred to as the WPA Slave Narrative Collection) is a collection of histories by formerly enslaved people undertaken by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration from 1936 to 1938. It was the simultaneous effort of state-level branches of FWP in seventeen states, working largely separately from each other. FWP administrators sought to develop a new appreciation for the elements of American life from different backgrounds, including that from the last generation of formerly enslaved individuals. The collections of life histories and materials on African American life that resulted gave impetus to the collection. The collection of narratives and photographs, as works of the U.S. federal government, are in the public domain, has been digitized, and is available online. In addition, excerpts have been published by various publishers as printed books or on the Internet. The total coll ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
