|
Eumycetoma
Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, is a persistent Mycoses, fungal infection of the skin and the tissues subcutaneous tissue, just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts. It starts as a painless wet Nodule (medicine), nodule, which may be present for years before ulceration, swelling, grainy discharge and weeping from Sinus (anatomy), sinuses and fistulae, followed by bone deformity. Several fungi can cause eumycetoma, including: ''Madurella mycetomatis'', ''Madurella grisea'', ''Curvularia lunata'', ''Scedosporium species'', ''Acremonium'' and ''Fusarium'' species. Diagnosis is by biopsy, visualising the fungi microscopy, under the microscope and microbiological culture, culture. Medical imaging may reveal extent of bone involvement. Other tests include ELISA, immunodiffusion, and DNA Barcoding. Treatment includes Surgical debridement, surgical removal of affected tissue and Antifungal, antifungal medicines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madurella
''Madurella'' is a fungal genus of uncertain position in the Sordariales, and sometimes classified as Mitosporic Ascomycota. It includes the following species: * '' Madurella algiris'' C. W. Dodge, 1935 * '' Madurella americana'' Gammel, 1927 * '' Madurella bouffardii'' Vuill, 1931 * '' Madurella brumptii'' Cif. & Redaelli, 1941 * '' Madurella clapieri'' Cif. & Redaelli, 1941 * '' Madurella grisea'' Abd. Ahmed et al., 2014 * '' Madurella fahalii'' de Hoog et al., 2012 * '' Madurella ikedae'' Gemmel, 1927 * '' Madurella lackawanna'' Hanan, 1938 * '' Madurella langeronii'' Cif. & Redaelli, 1941 * '' Madurella mansonii'' Vuill, 1931 * ''Madurella mycetomatis'' Brumpt, 1905 * '' Madurella oswaldoi'' Horta, 1919 * '' Madurella ramiroi'' Pirajá, 1918 * '' Madurella reynieri'' Vuill, 1931 * '' Madurella tropicana'' de Hoog et al., 2012 ''Madurella mycetomatis'' is a main cause of eumycetoma, an infection of human extremities and rarely the nervous system, in arid regions of east Afr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madurella Grisea
''Madurella grisea'' is a fungal species of the genus ''Madurella''. ''Madurella'' species are one of the most common pathogenic agents associated with eumycetoma Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, is a persistent Mycoses, fungal infection of the skin and the tissues subcutaneous tissue, just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts. It s .... Laboratory characteristics Colonies of ''Madurella grisea'' are slow growing, dark, leathery, and folded with radial grooves and with a light brown to greyish surface mycelium. With age, colonies become dark- to reddish-brown and acquire a brownish-black reverse. Microscopically, cultures are sterile, although hyphae of two widths have been described: thin at 1 to 3 um in width, and broad at 3 to 5 um in width. The optimum temperature of growth for ''M. grisea'' is 30C, it does not grow at 37C. RG-2 organism. Grains of ''Madurella grisea'' (tissue microcolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoses
Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi. Different types are traditionally divided according to the part of the body affected: superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic. Superficial fungal infections include common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor. Subcutaneous types include eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis, which generally affect tissues in and beneath the skin. Systemic fungal infections are more serious and include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Signs and symptoms range widely. There is usually a rash with superficial infection. Fungal infection within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes. Pneumonia-like symptoms or meningitis may occur with a deeper or systemic infection. Fungi are everywhere, but only some cause disease. Fungal infection occurs after spores ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madurella Mycetomatis
''Madurella mycetomatis'' is a fungus primarily reported in Central Africa as a cause of mycetoma in humans. It has been misclassified for many years, but with improvement of molecular techniques, its phylogenetic classification has been established. Many methods exist to identify ''M. mycetomatis,'' both in lesions and in culture. Histological examination is especially useful, as it has many unique morphological features. Strain-level differences in response to antifungal agents is informative for treatment and laboratory isolation of cultures. History ''Madurella mycetomatis'' underwent many name changes. In 1901, Brumpt described the first recorded case of mycosis caused by ''M. mycetomatis'', identifying black granules in association with mycetoma. In 1902, Laveran named the fungus ''Strepthothrix mycetomi'', which he had identified from a mycetoma grain. In 1905, Brumpt corrected its genus to ''Madurella'', in turn changing its name to ''Madurella mycetomi''. The fungus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acremonium
''Acremonium'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae. It used to be known as ''Cephalosporium''. Description ''Acremonium'' species are usually slow-growing and are initially compact and moist. Their hyphae are fine and hyaline, and produce mostly simple phialides. Their conidia are usually one-celled (i.e. ameroconidia), hyaline or pigmented, globose to cylindrical, and mostly aggregated in slimy heads at the apex of each phialide. '' Epichloë'' species are closely related and were once included in ''Acremonium'', but were later split off into a new genus '' Neotyphodium'', which has now been restructured within the genus '' Epichloë''. Clinical significance The genus ''Acremonium'' contains about 100 species, of which most are saprophytic, being isolated from dead plant material and soil. Many species are recognized as opportunistic pathogens of human and animals, causing eumycetoma, onychomycosis, and hyalohyphomycosis. Infections of humans by fungi of this ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infectious Disease
An infection is the invasion of tissue (biology), tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host (biology), host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an Disease#Terminology, illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently pathogenic bacteria, bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an Innate immune system, innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an Adaptive immune system, adaptive response. Treatment for infections depends on the type of pathogen involved. Common medications include: * Antibiotics for bacterial infections. * Antivirals for viral infections. * Antifungals for fungal infections. * Antiprotozoals for protozoan infections. * Antihelminthics for infections caused by parasi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surgical Debridement
Debridement is the medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissue. Removal may be surgical, mechanical, chemical, autolytic (self-digestion), or by maggot therapy. In podiatry, practitioners such as chiropodists, podiatrists and foot health practitioners remove conditions such as calluses and verrucas. Debridement is an important part of the healing process for burns and other serious wounds; it is also used for treating some kinds of snake and spider bites. Sometimes the boundaries of the problem tissue may not be clearly defined. For example, when excising a tumor, there may be micrometastases along the edges of the tumor that are too small to be detected, but if not removed, could cause a relapse. In such circumstances, a surgeon may opt to debride a portion of the surrounding healthy tissue to ensure that the tumor is completely removed. Types There is a lack of high-quality evidence to compar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fistula
In anatomy, a fistula (: fistulas or fistulae ; from Latin ''fistula'', "tube, pipe") is an abnormal connection (i.e. tube) joining two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs to each other, often resulting in an abnormal flow of fluid from one space to the other. An anal fistula connects the anal canal to the perianal skin. An anovaginal or rectovaginal fistula is a hole joining the anus or rectum to the vagina. A colovaginal fistula joins the space in the colon to that in the vagina. A urinary tract fistula is an abnormal opening in the urinary tract or an abnormal connection between the urinary tract and another organ. An abnormal communication (i.e. hole or tube) between the bladder and the uterus is called a vesicouterine fistula, while if it is between the bladder and the vagina it is known as a vesicovaginal fistula, and if between the urethra and the vagina: a urethrovaginal fistu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinus (anatomy)
A sinus is a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue, or an abnormal cavity or passage. In common usage, "sinus" usually refers to the paranasal sinuses, which are air cavities in the cranial bones, especially those near the nose and connecting to it. Most individuals have four paired cavities located in the cranial bone or skull. Etymology ''Sinus'' is Latin for "bay", "pocket", "curve", or "bosom". In anatomy, the term is used in various contexts. The word "sinusitis" is used to indicate that one or more of the membrane linings found in the sinus cavities has become inflamed or infected. It is however distinct from a fistula, which is a tract connecting two epithelial surfaces. If left untreated, infections occurring in the sinus cavities can affect the chest and lungs. Sinuses in the body * Paranasal sinuses ** Maxillary ** Ethmoid ** Sphenoid ** Frontal * Dural venous sinuses ** Anterior midline *** Cavernous *** Superior petrosal *** Inferior petrosal ** Central sul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nodule (medicine)
In medicine, nodules are small firm lumps, usually greater than 1 cm in diameter. If filled with fluid they are referred to as cysts. Smaller (less than 0.5 cm) raised soft tissue bumps may be termed papules. The evaluation of a skin nodule includes a description of its appearance, its location, how it feels to touch and any associated symptoms which may give clues to an underlying medical condition. Nodules in skin include dermatofibroma and pyogenic granuloma. Nodules may form on tendons and muscles in response to injury, and are frequently found on vocal cords. They may occur in organs such as the lung, or thyroid, or be a sign in other medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Characteristics Nodules are small firm lumps usually greater than 1 cm in diameter, found in skin and other organs. If filled with fluid they are usually softer and referred to as cysts. Smaller (less than 0.5 cm) raised soft tissue bumps may be termed papules. Eva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subcutaneous Tissue
The subcutaneous tissue (), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (), subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. The types of cells found in the layer are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The subcutaneous tissue is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the mesoderm's Dermatome (anatomy), dermatome region. It consists primarily of loose connective tissue and contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis. It is a major site of fat storage in the body. In arthropods, a hypodermis can refer to an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the Epidermis (botany), epidermis of plants. Structure * Fibrous bands anchoring the skin to the deep fascia * Collagen and elastin fibers attaching it to the dermis * Fat is absent from the eyelids, clitoris, penis, much of Pinna (anatomy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin ''cutis'' 'skin'). In mammals, the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Skin (including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues) plays crucial roles in formation, structure, and function of extraskeletal apparatus such as horns of bovids (e.g., cattle) and rhinos, cervids' antlers, giraffids' ossicones, armadillos' osteoderm, and os penis/ os clitoris. All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
