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Erythrophleum Suaveolens
''Erythrophleum suaveolens'', also known as the ordeal tree, is a species of flowering plant that can be found across most of tropical Africa. The species are in height, and have a rough and blackish bark. The plants leaves have 2–3 pairs of pinnae, which carry 7–13 leaflets. The leaflets are , are green coloured and ovate. The flowers have fluffy spikes, and are creamy-yellow coloured. Fruits are hard, the pod of which is flat. The bark of the tree has been used in Liberia to make a toxic concoction used for a form of trial by ordeal called "sassywood Sassywood is an ancient West African form of trial by ordeal. Although it has been outlawed due to human rights concerns, it remains in sporadic use in Liberia. In sassywood, the necessary ordeal can take on many different forms. The principal one i ...". This use has given it the common name of the "Ordeal Tree". References External links suaveolens Plants described in 1832 Flora of Africa {{Caesalpinioideae- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin
Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin (20 January 1796 in Pouilly-sur-Saône – 15 January 1842 in Montpellier) was a French botanist. He studied at the municipal college in Seurre, where he was considered one of the most distinguished pupils. Upon leaving school he was placed with a lawyer. He worked there for eighteen months, but his interest in chemistry and desire to obtain a commission as a military pharmacist, at a time when it was difficult to avoid conscription, caused him to abandon the study of law. In 1812, he was apprenticed to a pharmacist in Dijon. After two years in that city, he went to Geneva, where he studied with Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher (1763–1841) and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778–1841). One day, while collecting plants in the Alps, he fell and broke his right arm. The injury was slow to heal, and the accident left him with permanent stiffness in the elbow joint. In 1820 he relocated to Paris, where he became curator of the herbarium and library ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Samuel Perrottet
George Samuel Perrottet (23 February 1790 – 13 January 1870, Puducherry (city), Pondicherry), also known as Georges Guerrard-Samuel Perrottet, was a botanist and horticulturalist from Praz, in the commune of Vully-le-Bas, today Mont-Vully, Switzerland. After expeditions in Africa and Southeast Asia where he collected plant and animal specimens, he worked in French Pondicherry, India, where he established a botanical garden. He took a special interest in plants of economic importance and was involved in the activities of Acclimatisation society, acclimatisation societies in the various colonies of France. Many of his zoological specimens, sent to museums in France, were examined by other naturalists and named after him. Career Perrottet worked as a gardener at the Jardin des plantes in Paris, and in 1819–21 served as a naturalist on an expedition commanded by Naval Captain Pierre Henri Philibert. Perrottet's duties on the journey involved collecting plants in Réunion, Java, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan
John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan (1917–1985) was a British botanist who became director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Brenan was born on 19 June 1917 in Chislehurst and died on 26 September 1985 at Kew. A funeral requiem was held on 3 October 1985 at St. Anne's Church, Kew with a memorial service on the 23rd; he is buried at St. Anne's. Brenan received his Master of Arts in Biology from the University of Oxford in 1940 and began to work at the Imperial Forestry Institute (now the Oxford Forestry Institute) in Oxford. He collected plants from 1947 to 1948 in what is today Zambia and Tanzania. He began work at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1948 and became head of its African section in 1959. He became a member of the Linnean Society of London in 1952. In 1965, he became head of the herbarium and assistant director and became director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1976. He was a member of several learned societies, and was president of the As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinnation
Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in patterns of erosion or stream beds. The term derives from the Latin word ''pinna'' meaning "feather", "wing", or " fin". A similar concept is "pectination", which is a comb-like arrangement of parts (arising from one side of an axis only). Pinnation is commonly referred to in contrast to "palmation", in which the parts or structures radiate out from a common point. The terms "pinnation" and "pennation" are cognate, and although they are sometimes used distinctly, there is no consistent difference in the meaning or usage of the two words.Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent''. Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928. Plants Botanically, pinnation is an arrangement of discrete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leaflet (botany)
A leaflet (occasionally called foliole) in botany is a leaf-like part of a compound leaf. Though it resembles an entire leaf, a leaflet is not borne on a main plant stem or branch, as a leaf is, but rather on a leaf, petiole or a branch of the leaf. Compound leaves are common in many plant families and they differ widely in morphology (biology), morphology. The two main classes of compound leaf morphology are Leaf shape, palmate and pinnate. For example, a ''Cannabis, hemp'' plant has palmate compound leaves, whereas some species of ''Acacia sensu lato, Acacia'' have pinnate leaves. The ultimate free division (or leaflet) of a compound leaf, or a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf is called a pinnule or pinnula. Image:Ветвь акации.jpg, Pinnate leaf of a Fabaceae, legume with 10 leaflets Image:Mimosa Pudica.gif, ''Mimosa pudica'' folding leaflets inward. See also * Compound leaf References Leaf morphology {{plant-morphology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovate (leaf)
The following terms are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (that is, the leaf blade or 'lamina' is undivided) or compound (that is, the leaf blade is divided into two or more leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular or irregular, and may be smooth or have hair, bristles, or spines. For more terms describing other aspects of leaves besides their overall morphology see the leaf article. The terms listed here all are supported by technical and professional usage, but they cannot be represented as mandatory or undebatable; readers must use their judgement. Authors often use terms arbitrarily, or coin them to taste, possibly in ignorance of established terms, and it is not always clear whether because of ignorance, or personal preference, or because usages change with time or context, or because of variation between specimens, even specimens from the same plant. For example, whether to call leaves on the same tree "acu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberia
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to Guinea–Liberia border, its north, Ivory Coast to Ivory Coast–Liberia border, its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest. It has a population of around 5.5million and covers an area of . The official language is English. Languages of Liberia, Over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity. The capital and largest List of cities in Liberia, city is Monrovia. Liberia began in the early 19th century as a project of the American Colonization Society (ACS), which believed that black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States. Between 1822 and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, more than 15,000 freed and free-born African Americans, along with 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trial By Ordeal
Trial by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused (called a "proband") was determined by subjecting them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience. In medieval Europe, like trial by combat, trial by ordeal, such as cruentation, was sometimes considered a "judgement of God" (, ): a procedure based on the premise that God would help the innocent by performing a miracle on their behalf. The practice has much earlier roots, attested to as far back as the Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Ur-Nammu. In pre-industrial society, the ordeal typically ranked along with the oath and witness accounts as the central means by which to reach a judicial verdict. Indeed, the term ''ordeal'', Old English ''ordǣl'', has the meaning of "judgment, verdict" from Proto-West Germanic uʀdailī (see , ), ultimately from Proto-Germanic ''*uzdailiją'' "that which is dealt out". Priestly cooperation in trials by fire and water w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sassywood
Sassywood is an ancient West African form of trial by ordeal. Although it has been outlawed due to human rights concerns, it remains in sporadic use in Liberia. In sassywood, the necessary ordeal can take on many different forms. The principal one involves the drinking of a poisonous concoction made from the bark of the "Ordeal Tree", or ''erythrophleum suaveolens''. Another involves the rubbing of a red-hot machete on the legs of the suspect, while a third involves dipping the suspect's hand into hot oil. The Ordeal Tree The practice of sassywood, and specifically the use of ''erythrophleum suaveolens poisonous bark, has a long history in Liberia. A Reverend Mr. Connelly described it in some detail in "My Report of the Krumen people, Kroo people" in the 1850 book ''The ... Annual Report of the American Colonization Society ...'': The bark of the sassy-wood is powerfully narcotic, and a strong decoction of this the person is forced to drink ... he either throws off from his stom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Comparative Economics
The ''Journal of Comparative Economics'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier on behalf of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies. It was established in 1977 and the editors-in-chief are Ruben Enikolopov ( Pompeu Fabra University), Timur Kuran (Duke University), and Hongbin Li (Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...). External links * Economics journals English-language journals Elsevier academic journals Quarterly journals Academic journals established in 1977 {{econ-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flowers Of Erythrophleum Suaveolens
Flowers, also known as blooms and blossoms, are the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms). Typically, they are structured in four circular levels, called whorls, around the end of a stalk. These whorls include: calyx, modified leaves; corolla, the petals; androecium, the male reproductive unit consisting of stamens and pollen; and gynoecium, the female part, containing style and stigma, which receives the pollen at the tip of the style, and ovary, which contains the ovules. When flowers are arranged in groups, they are known collectively as inflorescences. Floral growth originates at stem tips and is controlled by MADS-box genes. In most plant species flowers are heterosporous, and so can produce sex cells of both sexes. Pollination mediates the transport of pollen to the ovules in the ovaries, to facilitate sexual reproduction. It can occur between different plants, as in cross-pollination, or between flowers on the same plant or even the same flower, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erythrophleum
''Erythrophleum'' is a genus of legume in the family Fabaceae. It includes ten species native to sub-Saharan Africa, Indochina, southern China, and northern Australia. Species ''Plants of the World Online'' includes: # ''Erythrophleum africanum'' # ''Erythrophleum arenarium'' # ''Erythrophleum chlorostachys'' # ''Erythrophleum couminga'' # ''Erythrophleum fordii'' # ''Erythrophleum ivorense'' # ''Erythrophleum lasianthum'' # ''Erythrophleum letestui'' # ''Erythrophleum pubescens'' # ''Erythrophleum suaveolens'' # ''Erythrophleum succirubrum'' # ''Erythrophleum teysmannii'' References External links * * {{Authority control Erythrophleum, Fabaceae genera Caesalpinioideae Taxonomy articles created by Polbot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
