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Embecovirus
''Embecovirus'' is a subgenus of coronaviruses in the genus '' Betacoronavirus''. The viruses in this subgenus, unlike other coronaviruses, have a hemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene. The viruses in the subgenus were previously known as group 2a coronaviruses. Taxonomy The subgenus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * '' Betacoronavirus gravedinis'', Human coronavirus OC43 * ''Betacoronavirus hongkongense'', Human coronavirus HKU1 * ''Betacoronavirus muris'', Murine hepatitis virus * ''Betacoronavirus myodae'', Myodes rufocanus vole coronavirus 2/JL2014 * ''Betacoronavirus ratti'', Betacoronavirus HKU24 Structure The viruses of this subgenus, like other coronaviruses, have a lipid bilayer envelope in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored. Unlike other coronaviruses, viruses in this subgenus also have an additional shorter spike-like structural protein c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarbecovirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV or SARS-CoV'', Betacoronavirus pandemicum'')The terms ''SARSr-CoV'' and ''SARS-CoV'' are sometimes used interchangeably, especially prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV-2. This may cause confusion when some publications refer to SARS-CoV-1 as ''SARS-CoV''. is a species of virus consisting of many known strains. Two strains of the virus have caused outbreaks of severe respiratory diseases in humans: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), the cause of the 2002–2004 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the pandemic of COVID-19. There are hundreds of other strains of SARSr-CoV, which are only known to infect non-human mammal species: bats are a major reservoir of many strains of SARSr-CoV; several strains have been identified in Himalayan palm civets, which were likely ancestors of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betacoronavirus 1
''Betacoronavirus gravedinis'' (also called ''Betacoronavirus 1'') is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and cattle. The infecting virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and is a member of the genus ''Betacoronavirus'' and subgenus ''Embecovirus.'' Like other embecoviruses, it has an additional shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE) as well as the larger coronavirus spike protein Spike (S) glycoprotein (sometimes also called spike protein, formerly known as E2) is the largest of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. The spike protein assembles into trimers that form large structures, called spikes .... References Betacoronaviruses {{Veterinary-med-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Coronavirus OC43
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a member of the species ''Betacoronavirus 1, Betacoronavirus gravedinis'', which infects humans and cattle. The infecting coronavirus is an Viral envelope, enveloped, Sense (molecular biology), positive-sense, RNA, single-stranded RNA virus that enters its host cell by binding to the N-Acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor. OC43 is one of Coronavirus#Infection in humans, seven coronaviruses known to infect humans. It is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold and may have been responsible for the 1889–1890 pandemic. It has, like other coronaviruses from genus ''Betacoronavirus,'' subgenus ''Embecovirus'', an additional shorter spike protein called hemagglutinin esterase, hemagglutinin-esterase (HE). ]. Genetic and antigenic analyses reveal significant similarities between HCoV-OC43 and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), suggesting a zoonotic transmission event from cattle to humans. Molecular analysis estimate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murine Coronavirus
Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a virus in the genus ''Betacoronavirus'' that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus ''Embecovirus'', murine coronavirus strains are :wikt:enterotropic, enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, and has been used as an animal disease model for many virological and clinical studies. Types Murine hepatitis virus Murine coronavirus was first discovered in 1949. The researchers isolated the virus from the brain, spinal cord, liver, lung, spleen, and kidney of a rat with symptoms of encephalitis and severe myelin injury, and gave it the strain name mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-JHM. MHV is now the most studied coronavirus in anim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus Envelope Protein
The envelope (E) protein is the smallest and least well-characterized of the four major structural proteins found in coronavirus virions. It is an integral membrane protein less than 110 amino acid residues long; in SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Covid-19, the E protein is 75 residues long. Although it is not necessarily essential gene, essential for viral replication, absence of the E protein may produce abnormally assembled viral capsids or reduced replication. E is a multifunctional protein and, in addition to its role as a structural protein in the viral capsid, it is thought to be involved in viral assembly, likely functions as a viroporin, and is involved in viral pathogenesis. Structure The E protein consists of a short hydrophilic N-terminal region, a hydrophobic transmembrane helix, helical transmembrane domain, and a somewhat hydrophilic C-terminal region. In SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the C-terminal region contains a PDZ-binding motif (PBM). This feature appears to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobecovirus
''Nobecovirus'' is a subgenus of viruses in the genus ''Betacoronavirus''. The viruses in the group were previously known as group 2d coronaviruses. Taxonomy The subgenus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Betacoronavirus cororeum'', Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1 * ''Betacoronavirus eidoli'', Eidolon helvum bat coronavirus CMR704-P12 * ''Betacoronavirus rousetti'', Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 Structure The viruses of this subgenus, like other coronaviruses, have a lipid bilayer envelope in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored. See also *''Embecovirus'' (group 2a) *''Sarbecovirus'' (group 2b) *''Merbecovirus ''Merbecovirus'' is a subgenus of viruses in the genus ''Betacoronavirus'', including the human pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The viruses in this subgenus were previously known as group 2c coron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merbecovirus
''Merbecovirus'' is a subgenus of viruses in the genus ''Betacoronavirus'', including the human pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The viruses in this subgenus were previously known as group 2c coronaviruses. Taxonomy The subgenus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Betacoronavirus cameli'', Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) * ''Betacoronavirus erinacei'', Hedgehog coronavirus 1 * ''Betacoronavirus pipistrelli'', Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 * ''Betacoronavirus tylonycteridis'', Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Structure The viruses of this subgenus, like other coronaviruses, have a lipid bilayer envelope in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored. See also *''Embecovirus'' (group 2a) *''Sarbecovirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV or SARS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African Camel
The dromedary (''Camelus dromedarius''), also known as the dromedary camel, Arabian camel and one-humped camel, is a large camel of the genus ''Camelus'' with one hump on its back. It is the tallest of the three camel species; adult males stand at the shoulder, while females are tall. Males typically weigh between , and females weigh between . The dromedary's distinctive features include its long, curved neck, narrow chest, a single hump, and long hairs on the throat, shoulders, and hump. The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, tall or more, is made of fat bound together by fibrous tissue. The dromedary feeds on foliage and desert vegetation; several adaptations, such as the ability to tolerate losing more than 30% of its total water content, allow it to thrive in its desert habitat. Mating occurs annually and peaks in the rainy season; females bear a single calf after a gestation of 15 months. It is mainly active during daylight hours and forms herds of about 20 i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dromedary
The dromedary (''Camelus dromedarius''), also known as the dromedary camel, Arabian camel and one-humped camel, is a large camel of the genus '' Camelus'' with one hump on its back. It is the tallest of the three camel species; adult males stand at the shoulder, while females are tall. Males typically weigh between , and females weigh between . The dromedary's distinctive features include its long, curved neck, narrow chest, a single hump, and long hairs on the throat, shoulders, and hump. The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, tall or more, is made of fat bound together by fibrous tissue. The dromedary feeds on foliage and desert vegetation; several adaptations, such as the ability to tolerate losing more than 30% of its total water content, allow it to thrive in its desert habitat. Mating occurs annually and peaks in the rainy season; females bear a single calf after a gestation of 15 months. It is mainly active during daylight hours and forms herds of about 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome
A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondrial DNA, mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplast DNA, chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been Whole-genome sequencing, sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The first genome to be sequenced was that of the virus φX174 in 1977; the first genome sequence of a prokaryote (''Haemophilus influenzae'') was published in 1995; the yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') genome was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced in 1996. The Human Genome Project ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Recombination
Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genetic information that can be further passed on from parents to offspring. Most recombination occurs naturally and can be classified into two types: (1) ''interchromosomal'' recombination, occurring through independent assortment of alleles whose loci are on different but homologous chromosomes (random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I); & (2) ''intrachromosomal'' recombination, occurring through crossing over. During meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic recombination involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes. This may be followed by information transfer between the chromosomes. The information transfer may occur without physical exchange (a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus Spike Protein
Spike (S) glycoprotein (sometimes also called spike protein, formerly known as E2) is the largest of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. The spike protein assembles into trimers that form large structures, called spikes or peplomers, that project from the surface of the virion. The distinctive appearance of these spikes when visualized using negative stain transmission electron microscopy, "recalling the solar corona", gives the virus family its main name. The function of the spike glycoprotein is to mediate viral entry into the host cell by first interacting with molecules on the exterior cell surface and then fusing the viral and cellular membranes. Spike glycoprotein is a class I fusion protein that contains two regions, known as S1 and S2, responsible for these two functions. The S1 region contains the receptor-binding domain that binds to receptors on the cell surface. Coronaviruses use a very diverse range of receptors; HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
