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Ectoine
Ectoine (3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) is a natural compound found in several species of bacteria. It is a compatible solute which serves as a protective substance by acting as an osmolyte and thus helps organisms survive extreme osmotic stress. Furthermore it was shown to protect DNA against ionizing and ultraviolet radiation serving as a radical scavenger. Ectoine is found in high concentrations in halophilic microorganisms and confers resistance towards salt and temperature stress. Ectoine was first identified in the microorganism '' Ectothiorhodospira halochloris'', but has since been found in a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Other species of bacteria in which ectoine was found include: * '' Brevibacterium linens'' * '' Halomonas elongata'' * '' Marinococcus halophilus'' * '' Pseudomonas stutzeri'' * ''Halomonas titanicae'' * '' Halorhodospira halophila'' * '' Halomonas ventosae'' Biosynthesis Ectoine is synthesized in thr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ectoine Synthase
The enzyme ectoine synthase () catalyzes the chemical reaction :(2''S'')-4-acetamido-2-aminobutanoate \rightleftharpoons L-ectoine + H2O This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2''S'')-4-acetamido-2-aminobutanoate (L-ectoine-forming). Other names in common use include ''N''-acetyldiaminobutyrate dehydratase, ''N''-acetyldiaminobutanoate dehydratase, L-ectoine synthase, EctC, and 4-''N''-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutanoate hydro-lyase (L-ectoine-forming). This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH form when dissolved in water), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− fo .... References * * * * EC 4.2.1 Enzymes of unknown structure {{4.2-enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diaminobutyrate—2-oxoglutarate Transaminase
In enzymology, a diaminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase () is an enzyme that catalysis, catalyzes the chemical reaction :L-2,4-diaminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate \rightleftharpoons L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrate (biochemistry), substrates of this enzyme are L-2,4-diaminobutanoate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two product (chemistry), products are L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde and L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The List of enzymes, systematic name of this enzyme class is L-2,4-diaminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate 4-aminotransferase. Other names in common use include L-2,4-diaminobutyrate:2-ketoglutarate 4-aminotransferase, 2,4-diaminobutyrate 4-aminotransferase, diaminobutyrate aminotransferase, DABA aminotransferase, DAB aminotransferase, EctB, diaminibutyric acid aminotransferase, and L-2,4-diaminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate 4-aminotransferase. This en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halomonas Titanicae
''Halomonas titanicae'' is a gram-negative, halophilic species of bacteria which was isolated in 2010 from rusticles recovered from the wreck of the RMS ''Titanic''. It has been estimated by Henrietta Mann, one of the researchers that first isolated it, that the action of microbes like ''H. titanicae'' may bring about the total deterioration of the ''Titanic'' by 2030. While the bacteria have been identified as a potential danger to oil rigs and other man-made objects in the deep sea, they also have the potential to be used in bioremediation to accelerate the decomposition of shipwrecks littering the ocean floor. Cell morphology ''Halomonas titanicae'' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that produces peritrichous flagella. It is catalase and oxidase positive. It has been found to form biofilms and some strains are capable of oxidation of thiosulfate, which is regulated by quorum sensing. It is able to withstand high osmotic pressure due to producing molecules like ect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halomonas Ventosae
''Halomonas ventosae'' is a moderately halophilic, denitrifying, exopolysaccharide Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPS establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental compo ...-producing bacterium. Its type strain is Al12T (=CECT 5797T =DSM 15911T). References Further reading * * *Zhu, Daochen, et al. "The synthesis and role of hydroxyectoine in halophilic bacterium Halomonas ventosae DL7." African Journal of Microbiology Research5.16 (2011): 2254–2260. * * External links *LPSN [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marinococcus Halophilus
''Marinococcus halophilus'' is a Gram-positive and halophilic bacterium from the genus of ''Marinococcus'' which has been isolated from a salted mackerel. ''Marinococcus halophilus'' produces ectoine. References Further reading * * * Bacillaceae Bacteria described in 1976 {{Firmicutes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halorhodospira Halophila
''Halorhodospira halophila'' is a species of Halorhodospira distinguished by its ability to grow optimally in an environment of 15–20% salinity. It was formerly called ''Ectothiorhodospira halophila''. It is an anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium. ''H. halophila'' has a flagellum. General features ''H. halophila'' is among the most halophilic organisms known. It is an obligately photosynthetic and anaerobic purple sulfur bacterium with a spiral morphology. ''H. halophila'' exhibits autotrophic growth in saturated NaCl concentrations. ''H. halophila'' is a Gram-negative bacterium within the gamma subdivision of the phylum Proteobacteria and is known to be phototrophic (Class: Gammaproteobacteria). ''H. halophila was'' the first phototrophic, extreme halophile to have its genome sequenced. The genome consists of 2,678,452 bp, encoding 2,493 predicted genes, as determined by automated genome annotation. 2,407 proteins are predicted from that genome, and 1,905 have been a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halophile
A halophile (from the Greek word for 'salt-loving') is an extremophile that thrives in high salt In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). When used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more formally called table salt. In the form of a natural crystalline mineral, salt is also known as r ... concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acids and bases, Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species. While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some Eukaryote, eukaryotic species, such as the alga ''Dunaliella salina'' and fungus ''Wallemia ichthyophaga''. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halomonas Elongata
''Halomonas elongata'' is considered the type species of the genus ''Halomonas''. It is a chemoorganotrophic, halophilic bacterium Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the ... first isolated from a solar salt facility located in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Biology and biochemistry Morphology ''Halomonas elongata'' cells are gram-negative rods which are motile by either polar or peritrichous flagella. On a solid medium, ''H. elongata'' produce glistening, opaque white colonies that are about 2 mm in diameter. Physiology ''Halomonas elongata'' are able to reduce NO3 to NO2 and are able to grow anaerobically in the presence of NO3. Cells of ''H. elongata'' are capable of utilizing malonate, fermenting glucose, and oxidizing glycerol, sucrose, mannose and cellobiose. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonas Stutzeri
''Pseudomonas stutzeri'' is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. ''P. stutzeri'' is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the ''P. stutzeri'' group, to which it lends its name. Taxonomy ''P. stutzeri'' is most easily differentiated from the other ''Pseudomonas spp.'' in that it does not produce fluorescent pigments''.'' ''P. mendocina, P. alcaligenes, P. pseudoalcaligenes'', and ''P. balearica'' are classified within the same branch of pseudomonads as ''P. stutzeri'' based on 16S rRNA sequences and other phylogenetic markers. Of this group, ''P. stutzeri'' is most closely related to ''P. balearica'' and they can b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunscreen
Sunscreen, also known as sunblock, sun lotion or sun cream, is a photoprotection, photoprotective topical product for the Human skin, skin that helps protect against sunburn and prevent skin cancer. Sunscreens come as lotions, sprays, gels, foams (such as an expanded foam lotion or whipped lotion), sticks, powders and other topical products. Sunscreens are common supplements to clothing, particularly sunglasses, sunhats and special sun protective clothing, and other forms of photoprotection (such as umbrellas). Sunscreens may be classified according to the type of #Active_ingredients, active ingredient(s) present in the formulation (inorganic compounds or organic compound, organic molecules) as: * Mineral sunscreens (also referred to as physical), which use only inorganic compounds (zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide) as active ingredients. These ingredients primarily work by absorbing UV rays but also through reflection and refraction. * Chemical sunscreens, which use organic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UV Irradiation
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection technique employing ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly UV-C (180–280 nm), to kill or inactivate microorganisms. UVGI primarily inactivates microbes by damaging their genetic material, thereby inhibiting their capacity to carry out vital functions. The use of UVGI extends to an array of applications, encompassing food, surface, air, and water disinfection. UVGI devices can inactivate microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, molds, and other pathogens. Recent studies have substantiated the ability of UV-C light to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, the strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19. UV-C wavelengths demonstrate varied germicidal efficacy and effects on biological tissue. Many germicidal lamps like low-pressure mercury (LP-Hg) lamps, with peak emissions around 254 nm, contain UV wavelengths that can be hazardous to humans. As a result, UVGI systems have been primarily limited to applications wher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
