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Ecteniniid
Ecteniniidae is an extinct family of probainognathian cynodonts from the Triassic of South America. They are notable for their large size, as well as for being among the first synapsids with specializations towards cursoriality A cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run. An animal can be considered cursorial if it has the ability to run fast (e.g. cheetah) or if it can keep a constant speed for a long distance (high endurance). "Cursorial" is often us .... Phylogeny Below is a cladogram from Martínez ''et al.'' (2013): References Prehistoric probainognathians Late Triassic first appearances Late Triassic extinctions Prehistoric therapsid families {{paleo-therapsid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trucidocynodon Riograndensis
''Trucidocynodon'' is an extinct genus of ecteniniid cynodonts from Upper Triassic of Brazil. It contains a single species, ''Trucidocynodon riograndensis''. Fossils of ''Trucidocynodon'' were discovered in Santa Maria Formation outcrops in Paleorrota geopark Agudo. ''T. riograndensis'' was similar to '' Ecteninion lunensis'' from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto formation of Argentina, but differed in several respects, including its larger size. It is known from a nearly complete holotype skeleton as well as a referred skull. The holotype skeleton had an estimated length of 1.2 meters (4 feet), while the referred skull was 17% larger than that of the holotype. ''Trucidocynodon'' is considered one of the largest known carnivorous cynodonts from the Triassic, as well as one of the largest probainognathians in the entire Mesozoic. A biomechanical study has argued that ''Trucidocynodon'' not only had erect limbs, but that it also possibly had digitigrade forelimbs, being amon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trucidocynodon
''Trucidocynodon'' is an extinct genus of ecteniniid cynodonts from Upper Triassic of Brazil. It contains a single species, ''Trucidocynodon riograndensis''. Fossils of ''Trucidocynodon'' were discovered in Santa Maria Formation outcrops in Paleorrota geopark Agudo. ''T. riograndensis'' was similar to '' Ecteninion lunensis'' from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto formation of Argentina, but differed in several respects, including its larger size. It is known from a nearly complete holotype skeleton as well as a referred skull. The holotype skeleton had an estimated length of 1.2 meters (4 feet), while the referred skull was 17% larger than that of the holotype. ''Trucidocynodon'' is considered one of the largest known carnivorous cynodonts from the Triassic, as well as one of the largest probainognathians in the entire Mesozoic. A biomechanical study has argued that ''Trucidocynodon'' not only had erect limbs, but that it also possibly had digitigrade forelimbs, being among th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Triassic
The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch (geology), epoch of the Triassic geologic time scale, Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between annum, Ma and Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Middle Triassic Epoch and followed by the Early Jurassic Epoch. The corresponding series (stratigraphy), series of rock beds is known as the Upper Triassic. The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian Geologic time scale, Ages. Many of the first dinosaurs evolved during the Late Triassic, including ''Plateosaurus'', ''Coelophysis'', and ''Eoraptor''. The Triassic–Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. Etymology The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich August von Namoh, Friedrich von Alberti, after a succession of three distinct rock layers (Greek meaning 'triad') that are widespread in southern Germany: the lower Buntsandstein (colourful sandstone'')'', t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bienotherium
''Bienotherium'' is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Early Jurassic of China discovered by Bian Meinian (Mei Nien Bien). Despite its size, it is closely related to ''Lufengia'', and is the largest tritylodont from the Lufeng Formation in China. ''Bienotherium'' had four incisors, no canines, and back molar-like teeth, which it used to chew tough plant material. Description ''Bienotherium'' is defined as being big and robust compared to other tritylodonts, and also by exposed maxillaries in the skull, an unusually long diastema and thin zygomatic bone In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (from grc, ζῠγόν, zugón, yoke), also called cheekbone or malar bone, is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is .... References Further reading [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tritylodon
''Tritylodon'' (Greek for 3 cusped tooth) is an extinct genus of tritylodonts, one of the most advanced group of cynodont therapsids. They lived in the Early Jurassic and possibly Late Triassic periods along with dinosaurs. They also shared many characteristics with mammals, and were once considered mammals because of overall skeleton construction. That was changed due to them retaining the vestigial reptilian jawbones and a different skull structure. Tritylodons are now regarded as non-mammalian synapsids. Characteristics If a living ''Tritylodon'' were to be seen today, it would look a lot like a large rodent. They were about long but there is no certainty about the exact weight. Their method of chewing food, a grinding motion with the bottom teeth sliding against the top teeth, resembled that of rodents as well. The bottom teeth were much like a set of cusps and the top teeth were a set of matching grooves that matched perfectly allowing this motion. There were large incis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oligokyphus
''Oligokyphus'' ("few cusps") is an extinct genus of advanced herbivore, herbivorous cynodonts of the late Triassic to early Jurassic periods. Originally considered to be an early mammal, it is now classified as a Mammaliamorph (nearly a mammal) because ''Oligokyphus'' does not have the mammalian jaw attachments and it retains a vestigial joint between the quadrate bone and the squamosal bone in the skull. Discovery and naming ''Oligokyphus'' was named by Edwin Hennig in 1922 on the basis of two teeth from Kingdom of Württemberg, Württemberg, Germany. The name of the genus is derived from Greek "few" and "hump", and is a calque of Paucituberculata, the group in which ''Oligokyphus'' was initially classified, from Latin into Greek. Like ''Tritylodon'', ''Oligokyphus'' was originally classified as a mammal. Hennig initially recognized two species, which he named ''Oligokyphus triserialis'' and ''Oligokyphus biserialis'' based on the number of rows of cusps, though he acknowledg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tritylodontidae
Tritylodontidae ("three-knob teeth", named after the shape of their cheek teeth) is an extinct family of small to medium-sized, highly specialized mammal-like cynodonts, bearing several mammalian traits like erect limbs, endothermy and details of the skeleton. They were the last-known family of the non- mammaliaform synapsids, persisting into the Early Cretaceous. Most tritylodontids are thought to have been herbivorous, feeding on vegetation, such as stems, leaves, and roots, although at least one may have had a more omnivorous diet. Tritylodontid fossils are found in the Americas, South Africa, and Eurasia—they appear to have had an almost global distribution, including Antarctica. Description The skull of tritylodontids had a high sagittal crest. They retained the primitive condition of the joint between the quadrate bone of the skull and the articular bone of the lower jaw—the retention of the joint is one of the reasons they are technically regarded to not be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Therioherpeton
''Therioherpeton'' is an extinct genus of small, carnivorous cynodonts belonging to the clade Prozostrodontia, which lived in what is now Brazil during the Late Triassic. Its type species is ''Therioherpeton cargnini''. It was named in 1975 by the palaeontologists José Bonaparte and Mário Costa Barberena based on remains collected in the ''Hyperodapedon'' Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Formation in the Paraná Basin.''Therioherpeton'' site, Faixa Nova at Fossilworks
Fossilworks is a portal which provides query, download, and analysis tools to facilitate access to the Paleobiology Database, a large relational database assembled by ...
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Prozostrodon
''Prozostrodon'' is an extinct genus of advanced cynodonts that was closely related to the ancestors of mammals. The remains were found in Brazil and are dated middle to late Triassic. It was originally described as a species of '' Thrinaxodon'' and was probably fairly similar to that genus in overall build. The holotype has a skull length of 6.7 cm, indicating the whole animal may have been the size of a cat, though there is some doubt as to whether the find represents an adult individual. The teeth were typical of advanced cynodonts, and the animal was probably a small carnivore hunting reptiles and other small prey. Later analysis indicated ''Prozostrodon'' was more closely related to the mammals than to the ''Thrinaxodon'' species, and it was given its own genus. Cladistic analysis indicates its closest relatives gave rise to the first mammaliaforms and therefore to the crown group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prozostrodontia
Prozostrodontia is a clade of cynodonts including mammaliaforms and their closest relatives such as Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae. It was erected as a node-based taxon by Liu and Olsen (2010) and defined as the least inclusive clade containing '' Prozostrodon brasiliensis'', '' Tritylodon langaevus'', '' Pachygenelus monus'', and ''Mus musculus'' (the house mouse). Prozostrodontia is diagnosed by several characters, including: * Reduced prefrontal and postorbital bones, with a reduction or disappearance of a strut of bone called the postorbital bar separating the eye socket from the temporal region * Unconnected dentary bones in the lower jaw * The presence of a small hole in the skull called the sphenopalatine foramen * A sagittal crest extending along the top of the skull and connecting with a lambdoidal crest at the back of the skull * Neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae angled backward * A convex-shaped iliac crest and a reduced posterior iliac spine on the hip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probainognathus
''Probainognathus'' meaning “progressive jaw” is an extinct genus of cynodonts that lived around 235 to 221.5 million years ago, during the Late Triassic in what is now South America. ''Probainognathus'' is a member of the family Probainognathidae, and is a close relative of the family Chiniquodontidae.Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Probainognathus Romer 1970 (therapsid). PaleoDB taxon number: 39225 , http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=80895 The various similarities to Chiniquodontidae led Alfred Romer to initially suggest ''Probainognathus'' be placed within that family, but it was subsequently decided that the differences were enough to warrant its placement within Probainognathidae.Romer, A.S. 1973. The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVIII. Probelesodon minor, a new species of carnivorous cynodont; family Probainognathidae nov. Breviora, 401:1-4 ''Probainognathus jenseni'' was a species of small, carnivorou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiniquodon
''Chiniquodon'' is an extinct genus of carnivorous cynodonts, which lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) in South America (Argentina and Brazil) and Africa (Namibia and Madagascar). ''Chiniquodon'' was closely related to the genus ''Aleodon'', and close to the ancestry of mammals. Other contemporaries included early dinosaurs. As both groups filled a similar ecological niche, fairly large therapsid hunters such as ''Chiniquodon'' may have been outcompeted by dinosaurs. Classification ''Chiniquodon theotonicus'', the type species, is from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil and Chañares Formation, Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, northwestern Argentina. This species is known from a number of skulls. The holotype is in the paleontological collection at Tübingen University, Germany. ''Chiniquodon sanjuanensis'' is from the Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation, Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, northwestern Argentina. It was originally assigned to the genus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
