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Créolité
''Créolité'' is a literary movement first developed in the 1980s by the Martinique, Martinican writers Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant. They published ''Eloge de la créolité'' (In Praise of Creoleness) in 1989 as a response to the perceived inadequacies of the négritude movement. ''Créolité'', or "creoleness", is a neologism which attempts to describe the cultural and linguistic heterogeneity of places like the Antilles and, more specifically, of the French Caribbean. "Creoleness" may also refer to the scientifically meaningful characteristics of Creole languages, the subject of study in creolistics. History ''Créolité'' can perhaps best be described in contrast with the movement that preceded it, ''la négritude'', a literary movement spearheaded by Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor and Léon Damas in the 1930s. ''Négritude'' writers sought to define themselves in terms of their cultural, racial and historical ties to the Africa, African co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raphaël Confiant
Raphaël Confiant (born January 25, 1951) is a Martinique, Martinican writer known for his literary commitment towards Creole literature. Life and career Raphaël Confiant was born in Le Lorrain, Martinique. He studied English and political science at the Sciences Po Aix and law at Paul Cézanne University in Aix-en-Provence, France. During the 1970s, Confiant became a militant proponent of use of the Antillean Creole, Creole language and later worked with Jean Bernabé and Patrick Chamoiseau to create the movement. The three authors co-authored in 1989 the seminal text of the movement, , in addition to other theoretical texts. The movement is often characterized as a reaction to the movement, which emphasized the African origins of the Antillean people. Créolité, on the other hand, emphasizes the diversity of Antillean ancestry and cultural heritage, which includes Chinese, Indian, and European influences, among others. The movement seeks to understand the diverse identiti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Bernabé
Jean Bernabé (1942 in Le Lorrain, Martinique – 12 April 2017 in Fort-De-France, Martinique) was a writer and linguist. Bernabé was a professor of language and culture at the Université des Antilles et de la Guyane. He was an important figure in the créolité movement, having co-authored the seminal 1989 essay on the subject, ''Eloge de la créolité'' (In Praise of Creoleness), with Patrick Chamoiseau and Raphaël Confiant. Although Bernabé's work lauds the Créole language, on which he has written seminal works, his literary creation is exclusively in the French language, to make it more accessible to international readers. However, he also had an influence on the emergence of modern literature in Créole. Biography Bernabé studied Classics at the Sorbonne and in 1982, he defended his thesis in Linguistics on Antillean Créole titled ''Fondal Natal : Grammaire basilecticale approchée des Créoles guadeloupéen et martiniquais,'' which was published by Harmattan in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patrick Chamoiseau
Patrick Chamoiseau (; born 3 December 1953) is a French author from Martinique known for his work in the créolité movement. His work spans a variety of forms and genres, including novels, essays, children's books, screenplays, theatre and comics. His novel ''Texaco (novel), Texaco'' was awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1992. Biography Chamoiseau was born on 3 December 1953 in Fort-de-France, Martinique, where he resides. After he studied law in Paris, France, he returned to Martinique, inspired by Édouard Glissant to take a close interest in Creole culture. In 1981, Chamoiseau was the co-author, with Georges Puisy, of a historical work on the Antilles under the reign of Napoleon I of France, Napoléon Bonaparte, ''Delgrès : les Antilles sous Bonaparte''. In 1989, he was the co-author of ''Éloge de la créolité'' (''In Praise of Creoleness'') with Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant. Chamoiseau has received several awards. In 1990, he received the Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Creole Culture
Creole peoples may refer to various ethnic groups around the world. The term's meaning exhibits regional variations, often sparking debate. Creole peoples represent a diverse array of ethnicities, each possessing a distinct cultural identity that has been shaped over time. The emergence of creole languages, frequently associated with Creole ethnicity, is a separate phenomenon. In specific historical contexts, particularly during the European colonial era, the term ''Creole'' applies to ethnicities formed through large-scale population movements. These movements involved people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds who converged upon newly established colonial territories. Often involuntarily separated from their ancestral homelands, these populations were forced to adapt and create a new way of life. Through a process of cultural amalgamation, they selectively adopted and merged desirable elements from their varied heritages. This resulted in the emergence of nove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suzanne Césaire
Suzanne Césaire (; ; née Roussi; 11 August 1915, Poterie des Trois-Ilets, Martinique – 16 May 1966, Yvelines) was a French writer, teacher, scholar, anti-colonial and feminist activist, and Surrealist. She co-founded the Martinique cultural journal '' Tropiques'', of which she was also an editor, along with her husband, Aimé Césaire, and René Ménil, both of whom were notable French poets from Martinique. Early life Césaire (née Roussi) was born in Poterie des Trois-Ilets on 11 August 1915 to Flore Roussi (née William), a school teacher, and Benoït Roussi, a sugar factory worker. She began her education at her local primary school in Rivière-Salée in Martinique (which still had the status of a French colonial territory at that time), before attending a girls' boarding-school in the capital, Fort-de-France. Having completed her secondary education, she went to study literature in Toulouse and then in Paris at the prestigious École normale supérieure from 1936-1938 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Postcolonial Literature
Postcolonial literature is the literature by people from formerly colonized countries, originating from all continents except Antarctica. Postcolonial literature often addresses the problems and consequences of the colonization and subsequent decolonization of a country, especially questions relating to the political and cultural independence of formerly subjugated people, and themes such as racialism and colonialism. A range of literary theory has evolved around the subject. It addresses the role of literature in perpetuating and challenging what postcolonial critic Edward Said refers to as cultural imperialism. It is at its most overt in texts that write back to the European canon (Thieme 2001). Migrant literature and postcolonial literature show some considerable overlap. However, not all migration takes place in a colonial setting, and not all postcolonial literature deals with migration. A question of current debate is the extent to which postcolonial theory also speaks to mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Négritude
''Négritude'' (from French "nègre" and "-itude" to denote a condition that can be translated as "Blackness") is a framework of critique and literary theory, mainly developed by francophone intellectuals, writers, and politicians in the African diaspora during the 1930s, aimed at raising and cultivating "black consciousness" across Africa and its diaspora. Négritude gathers writers such as sisters Paulette and Jeanne Nardal (known for having laid the theoretical basis of the movement), Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, Abdoulaye Sadji, Léopold Sédar Senghor (the first President of Senegal), and Léon Damas of French Guiana. ''Négritude'' intellectuals disavowed colonialism, racism and Eurocentrism. They promoted African culture within a framework of persistent Franco-African ties. The intellectuals employed Marxist political philosophy, in the black radical tradition. The writers drew heavily on a surrealist literary style, and some say they were also influenced somew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African Diaspora
The African diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from List of ethnic groups of Africa, people from Africa. The term most commonly refers to the descendants of the native West Africa, West and Central Africans who were slavery, enslaved and shipped to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, with their largest populations in Brazil, the United States, and Haiti. The term can also be used to refer to Demographics of Africa, African descendants who immigrated to other parts of the world. Scholars identify "four circulatory phases" of this migration out of Africa. The phrase ''African diaspora'' gradually entered common usage at the turn of the 21st century. The term ''diaspora'' originates from the Greek (''diaspora'', "scattering") which gained popularity in English in reference to the Jewish diaspora before being more broadly applied to other populations. Less commonly, the term has been used in scholarship to refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien language, Francien) largely supplanted. It was also substratum (linguistics), influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic languages, Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Franks, Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indentured Servant
Indentured servitude is a form of Work (human activity), labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract called an "indenture", may be entered voluntarily for a prepaid lump sum, as payment for some good or service (e.g. travel), purported eventual compensation, or debt repayment. An indenture may also be imposed involuntarily as a Sentence (law), judicial punishment. The practice has been compared to the similar institution of slavery, although there are differences. Historically, in an apprenticeship, an apprentice worked with no pay for a master tradesman to learn a craft, trade. This was often for a fixed length of time, usually seven years or less. Apprenticeship was not the same as indentureship, although many apprentices were tricked into falling into debt and thus having to indenture themselves for years more to pay off such sums. Like any loan, an indenture could be sold. Most masters had to depend on middlemen o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
