|
Conjugate Reduction
In organic chemistry, carbonyl reduction is the organic reduction, conversion of any carbonyl group, usually to an alcohol. It is a common transformation that is practiced in many ways. Ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and Acyl halide, acid halides - some of the most pervasive functional groups, -comprise carbonyl compounds. Carboxylic acids, esters, and acid halides can be reduced to either aldehydes or a step further to primary alcohols, depending on the strength of the reducing agent. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced respectively to primary and secondary alcohols. In deoxygenation, the alcohol group can be further reduced and removed altogether by replacement with H. Two broad strategies exist for carbonyl reduction. One method, which is favored in industry, uses hydrogen as the reductant. This approach is called hydrogenation and requires metal catalysts. The other broad approach employs stoichiometric reagents that deliver H− and H+ separately. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redox Ladder
A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to Reduction potential, redox potential. The redox ladder displays the order in which redox reactions occur based on the free energy gained from redox pairs. These redox gradients form both spatially and temporally as a result of differences in microbial processes, chemical composition of the environment, and oxidative potential. Common environments where redox gradients exist are Marsh, coastal marshes, lakes, contaminant plumes, and soils. The Earth has a global redox gradient with an oxidizing environment at the surface and increasingly reducing conditions below the surface. Redox gradients are generally understood at the macro level, but characterization of redox reactions in heterogeneous environments at the micro-scale require further research and more sophisticated measurement techniques. Measuring redox conditions Redox conditions are measured according to the redox potential (Eh) i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
