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Clostridial
The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Bacillota, including ''Clostridium'' and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. They are obligate anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the class ''Clostridia'' are often but not always Gram-positive (see ''Halanaerobium'') and have the ability to form spores. Studies show they are not a monophyletic group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently, most are placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future. Most species of the genus ''Clostridium'' are saprophytic organisms that ferment plant polysaccharides and are found in many places in the environment, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the genus ''Clostridium'' are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Perfringens
''Clostridium perfringens'' (formerly known as ''C. welchii'', or ''Bacillus welchii'') is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus '' Clostridium''. ''C. perfringens'' is ever-present in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. It has the shortest reported generation time of any organism at 6.3 minutes in thioglycolate medium. ''Clostridium perfringens'' is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the United States, alongside norovirus, '' Salmonella'', ''Campylobacter'', and ''Staphylococcus aureus''. However, it can sometimes be ingested and cause no harm. Infections due to ''C. perfringens'' show evidence of tissue necrosis, bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis. The specific name ''perfringens'' is derived from the Latin ''per'' (mean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gangrene
Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply. Symptoms may include a change in skin color to red or black, numbness, swelling, pain, skin breakdown, and coolness. The feet and hands are most commonly affected. If the gangrene is caused by an infectious agent, it may present with a fever or sepsis. Risk factors include diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, major trauma, alcoholism, HIV/AIDS, frostbite, influenza, dengue fever, malaria, chickenpox, plague, hypernatremia, radiation injuries, meningococcal disease, Group B streptococcal infection and Raynaud's syndrome. It can be classified as dry gangrene, wet gangrene, gas gangrene, internal gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis. The diagnosis of gangrene is based on symptoms and supported by tests such as medical imaging. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the dead tissue, antibiotics to treat any infection, and efforts to address the underlying cause. Surgical efforts may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridiales
The Eubacteriales are an order of bacteria placed within the class Clostridia. Families Eubacteriales comprises the following families: * " Betainaceae" Jones et al. 2019 * " Bianqueaceae" Liu et al. 2021 * " Borkfalkiaceae" Hildebrand, Pallen & Bork 2020 * Caldicoprobacteraceae Yokoyama et al. 2010 * Christensenellaceae Morotomi, Nagai & Watanabe 2012 * Clostridiaceae Pribram 1933 * Defluviitaleaceae Jabari et al. 2012 * Eubacteriaceae Ludwig et al. 2010 * " Feifaniaceae" Liu et al. 2021 * " Galloscillospiraceae" Gilroy et al. 2021 * Gottschalkiaceae Poehlein et al. 2017c * Hungateiclostridiaceae Zhang et al. 2018b * Lachnospiraceae Rainey 2010 * " Mageeibacillaceae" Hildebrand, Pallen & Bork 2020 * " Mogibacteriaceae" Wylensek et al. 2020 * Oscillospiraceae Peshkoff 1940 * Peptoniphilaceae Johnson et al. 2014 * Peptostreptococcaceae Ezaki 2010 * Ruminococcaceae Rainey 2010 * " Pumilibacteraceae" Afrizal et al. 2021 * Thermohalobacteraceae Spring 2021 * Tissierellace ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium
''Clostridium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of ''Clostridium'' inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. It also formerly included an important cause of diarrhea, '' Clostridioides difficile'', which was reclassified into the '' Clostridioides'' genus in 2016. History In the late 1700s, Germany experienced a number of outbreaks of an illness that seemed connected to eating certain sausages. In 1817, the German neurologist Justinus Kerner detected rod-shaped cells in his investigations into this so-called sausage poisoning. In 1897, the Belgian biology professor Emile van Ermengem published his finding of an endospore-forming organism he isolated from spoiled ham. Biologists classified van Ermengem's discovery along with other known gram-positive spore formers in the genus '' Bacillus''. This classificatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eubacteriales
The Eubacteriales are an order of bacteria placed within the class Clostridia. Families Eubacteriales comprises the following families: * " Betainaceae" Jones et al. 2019 * " Bianqueaceae" Liu et al. 2021 * " Borkfalkiaceae" Hildebrand, Pallen & Bork 2020 * Caldicoprobacteraceae Yokoyama et al. 2010 * Christensenellaceae Morotomi, Nagai & Watanabe 2012 * Clostridiaceae Pribram 1933 * Defluviitaleaceae Jabari et al. 2012 * Eubacteriaceae Ludwig et al. 2010 * " Feifaniaceae" Liu et al. 2021 * " Galloscillospiraceae" Gilroy et al. 2021 * Gottschalkiaceae Poehlein et al. 2017c * Hungateiclostridiaceae Zhang et al. 2018b * Lachnospiraceae Rainey 2010 * " Mageeibacillaceae" Hildebrand, Pallen & Bork 2020 * " Mogibacteriaceae" Wylensek et al. 2020 * Oscillospiraceae Peshkoff 1940 * Peptoniphilaceae Johnson et al. 2014 * Peptostreptococcaceae Ezaki 2010 * Ruminococcaceae Rainey 2010 * " Pumilibacteraceae" Afrizal et al. 2021 * Thermohalobacteraceae Spring 2021 * Tissierellac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetanospasmin
Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of '' Clostridium tetani'' in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It has no known function for clostridia in the soil environment where they are normally encountered. It is also called spasmogenic toxin, tentoxilysin, tetanospasmin or, tetanus neurotoxin. The LD50 of this toxin has been measured to be approximately 2.5–3 ng/kg, making it second only to the related botulinum toxin (LD50 2 ng/kg) as the deadliest toxin in the world. However, these tests are conducted solely on mice, which may react to the toxin differently from humans and other animals. ''C. tetani'' also produces the exotoxin tetanolysin, a hemolysin, that causes destruction of tissues. Distribution Tetanus toxin spreads through tissue spaces into the lymphatic and vascular systems. It enters the nervous system at the neuromuscular junctions and migrates through nerve trunks and into the central nervou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halanaerobium
''Halanaerobium'' is a Gram-negative, non-endospore-forming, rod-shaped, and strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family Halanaerobiaceae. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). See also * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera This article lists the genera of the bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However many taxonomic names are ... References Clostridia Bacteria genera Taxa described in 1984 {{Bacillota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyly
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have take ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Botulinum
''Clostridium botulinum'' is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum. The botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, and is the most potent toxin known to mankind, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg in humans.(2010). Chapter 19. ''Clostridium'', ''Peptostreptococcus'', ''Bacteroides'', and Other Anaerobes. In Ryan K.J., Ray C (Eds), ''Sherris Medical Microbiology'', 5th ed. ''C. botulinum'' is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria initially grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and now known as four distinct groups, ''C. botulinum'' groups I–IV, as well as some strains of ''Clostridium butyricum'' and ''Clostridium baratii'', are the bacteria responsible for producing botulinum toxin. ''C. botulinum'' is responsible for foodborne botulism (ingestion of preformed toxin), infant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botulinum Toxin
Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' and related species. It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis. The toxin causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes. The seven main types of botulinum toxin are named types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G). New types are occasionally found. Types A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically. Types C–G are less common; types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known. Intoxication can occur naturally as a result of either wound or intestinal infection or by ingesting formed toxin in food. The estimated human lethal dose of type A toxin is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally, there may be no symptoms. Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women. BV is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. There is a change in the most common type of bacteria and a hundred to thousand fold increase in total numbers of bacteria present. Typically, bacteria other than ''Lactobacilli'' become more common. Risk factors include douching, new or multiple sex partners, antibiotics, and using an intrauterine device, among others. However, it is not considered a sexually transmitted infection and, unlike gon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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