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Citing
A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g.,), correct attribution of insights to previous sources is just one of these purposes. Linguistic analysis of citation-practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, ident ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citing Wikipedia
We advise special caution when using Wikipedia as a source for research projects. Normal academic usage of Wikipedia is for getting the general facts of a problem and to gather keywords, references and bibliographical pointers, but not as a source in itself. Remember that Wikipedia is a wiki. Anyone in the world can edit an article, deleting accurate information or adding false information, which the reader may not recognize. Thus, you '' probably shouldn't be citing Wikipedia''. This is good advice for all tertiary sources such as encyclopedias, which are designed to introduce readers to a topic, not to be the final point of reference. Wikipedia, like other encyclopedias, provides overviews of a topic and indicates sources of more extensive information. See researching with Wikipedia and academic use of Wikipedia for more information. If you do decide to cite Wikipedia, remember that its articles are constantly changing: cite exact time, date, and the article version you ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parenthetical Referencing
Parenthetical referencing is a citation system in which in-text citations are made using parentheses. They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled "references", "reference list", "works cited", or "end-text citations". Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of footnote citations (the Vancouver system). Parenthetical referencing normally uses one of these two citation styles: * Author–date (also known as Harvard referencing): primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences, and recommended by the American Chemical Society and the American Psychological Association (APA) (see APA style); * Author–title or author–page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, and recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA) (see MLA Handbook). Author–date (Harvard referencing) In the author–date method (Harvard referencing), the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Citation
Scientific citation is the process of systematically acknowledging sources from which information, data, ideas, or direct quotations are drawn in Academic writing, scholarly work.Sources in science are typically previously-published Peer review, peer-reviewed Academic journal, journal articles, books, Thesis, theses or dissertations, Conference proceedings, conference papers, and rarely private or public communications. Citations connect a researcher’s work with existing Literature review, literature, ensuring transparency, academic integrity, and safe outcomes such as in medical science. Effective citation practices require clear, standardized mechanisms for referencing materials, particularly crucial as electronic publishing and online data repositories expand rapidly. Scientists generate Epistemology, new knowledge by practicing the scientific method on the thoughts, ideas, and work that scientists did before them. By applying scholarly principles, scientists may report thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Note (typography)
In publishing, a note is a brief text in which the author comments on the subject and themes of the book and names supporting citations. In the editorial production of books and documents, typographically, a note is usually several lines of text at the bottom of the page, at the end of a chapter, at the end of a volume, or a house-style typographic usage throughout the text. Notes are usually identified with superscript numbers or a symbol.''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (1992) p. 709. Footnotes are informational notes located at the foot of the thematically relevant page, whilst endnotes are informational notes published at the end of a chapter, the end of a volume, or the conclusion of a multi-volume book. Unlike footnotes, which require manipulating the page design (text-block and page layouts) to accommodate the additional text, endnotes are advantageous to editorial production because the textual inclusion does not alter the design of the publication. How ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford Standard For Citation Of Legal Authorities
The ''Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities'' (''OSCOLA'') is a style guide that provides the modern method of legal citation in the United Kingdom; the style itself is also referred to as OSCOLA. First developed by Peter Birks of the University of Oxford Faculty of Law, and now in its 4th edition (2012, Hart Publishing, ), it has been adopted by most law schools and many legal publishers in the United Kingdom. An online supplement (developed for the third edition) is available for the citation of international legal cases, not covered in the main guide. Cases Cases are to be cited with as little punctuation as possible in the names or the report names. If there is a neutral citation, which is generally the case after 2001 or 2002, it should be cited before the "best" report: the ''Law Reports'' (AC, QB, Ch etc.), or the WLR or the All ER, after a comma. * '' Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co'' 8931 QB 256 * '' Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Journal
An academic journal (or scholarly journal or scientific journal) is a periodical publication in which Scholarly method, scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the dissemination, scrutiny, and discussion of research. Unlike professional magazines or Trade magazine, trade magazines, the articles are mostly written by researchers rather than staff writers employed by the journal. They nearly universally require peer review for Research Article, research articles or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields. Academic journals trace their origins back to the 17th century. , it is estimated that over 28,100 active academic journals are in publication, with scopes ranging from the general sciences, as seen in journals like ''Science (journal), Science'' and ''Nature (journal), Nature'', to highly specialized fields. These journals publish a variety of articles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citing Medicine
''Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers'' is the style guide of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). Its main focus is citation style and bibliographic style. The citation style of ''Citing Medicine'' is the current incarnation of the Vancouver system, per the ''References > Style and Format'' section of the ICMJE Recommendations (formerly called the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals). ''Citing Medicine'' style is the style used by MEDLINE and PubMed. The introduction section of ''Citing Medicine'' explains that "three major sources are utilized in compiling ''Citing Medicine'': the MEDLARS Indexing Manual of the National Library of Medicine (NLM); pertinent NISO standards, primarily ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 Bibliographic References; and relevant standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), primarily ISO 690 ISO 690 is an ISO standard governing bibliographic refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASA Style
ASA style is a widely accepted format for writing university research papers in the field of sociology. It specifies the arrangement and punctuation of footnotes and bibliographies. Standards for ASA style are specified in the ASA Style Guide, which is published by the American Sociological Association, the main scholarly organization for academic sociologists in the United States. The ''ASA Style Guide'', published by the American Sociological Association, is designed to aid authors preparing manuscripts for ASA journals and publications. General features ASA style is closely related in appearance and function to APA (American Psychological Association) style. As with APA style, the general format for citing references is parenthetical referencing. All references are to be included at the end of the paper in a section titled "References", rather than "Works Cited" as in MLA style. Also unlike MLA style, parenthetical references include the year of publication. The "author-da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prior Art
Prior art (also known as state of the art or background art) is a concept in patent law used to determine the patentability of an invention, in particular whether an invention meets the novelty and the inventive step or non-obviousness criteria for patentability. In most systems of patent law, prior art is generally defined as anything that is made available, or disclosed, to the public that might be relevant to a patent's claim before the effective filing date of a patent application for an invention. However, notable differences exist in how prior art is specifically defined under different national, regional, and international patent systems. The prior art is evaluated by patent offices as part of the patent granting process in what is called "substantive examination" of a patent application in order to determine whether an invention claimed in the patent application meets the novelty and inventive step or non-obviousness criteria for patentability. It may also be considered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Style Guide
A style guide is a set of standards for the writing, formatting, and design of documents. A book-length style guide is often called a style manual or a manual of style. A short style guide, typically ranging from several to several dozen pages, is often called a style sheet. The standards documented in a style guide are applicable for either general use, or prescribed use in an individual publication, particular organization, or specific field. A style guide establishes standard style requirements to improve communication by ensuring consistency within and across documents. They may require certain best practices in writing style, usage, language composition, visual composition, orthography, and typography by setting standards of usage in areas such as punctuation, capitalization, citing sources, formatting of numbers and dates, table appearance and other areas. For academic and technical documents, a guide may also enforce best practices in ethics (such as authorship, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
APA Style
APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as Scientific journal, scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of Behavioral sciences, behavioral and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), titled the ''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association''. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias-free communication, bias in language". APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals, in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). The current edition is its seventh revision. The APA became involved in journal publishi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
