|
Oxford Standard For Citation Of Legal Authorities
The ''Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities'' (''OSCOLA'') is a style guide that provides the modern method of legal citation in the United Kingdom; the style itself is also referred to as OSCOLA. First developed by Peter Birks of the University of Oxford Faculty of Law, and now in its 4th edition (2012, Hart Publishing, ), it has been adopted by most law schools and many legal publishers in the United Kingdom. An online supplement (developed for the third edition) is available for the citation of international legal cases, not covered in the main guide. Cases Cases are to be cited with as little punctuation as possible in the names or the report names. If there is a neutral citation, which is generally the case after 2001 or 2002, it should be cited before the "best" report: the ''Law Reports'' (AC, QB, Ch etc.), or the WLR or the All ER, after a comma. * '' Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co'' 8931 QB 256 * '' Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Style Guide
A style guide is a set of standards for the writing, formatting, and design of documents. A book-length style guide is often called a style manual or a manual of style. A short style guide, typically ranging from several to several dozen pages, is often called a style sheet. The standards documented in a style guide are applicable for either general use, or prescribed use in an individual publication, particular organization, or specific field. A style guide establishes standard style requirements to improve communication by ensuring consistency within and across documents. They may require certain best practices in writing style, usage, language composition, visual composition, orthography, and typography by setting standards of usage in areas such as punctuation, capitalization, citing sources, formatting of numbers and dates, table appearance and other areas. For academic and technical documents, a guide may also enforce best practices in ethics (such as authorship, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crown Debts Act 1801
A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself (and, by extension, the state of which said monarch is head) as distinct from the individual who inhabits it (that is, ''The Crown''). A specific type of crown (or coronet for lower ranks of peerage) is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium. Variations * Costume headgear imitating a monarch's crown is also called a crown hat. Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, people at costume parties, or ritual "monarchs" such as the king of a Carnival krewe, or the person who found the trinket in a king cake. * The nup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has three distinctly different legal systems, each of which derives from a particular geographical area for a variety of historical reasons: English law (in the joint jurisdiction of England and Wales), Scots law, Northern Ireland law, and, since 2007, calls for a fourth type, that of purely Welsh law as a result of Welsh devolution, with further calls for a Welsh justice system. In fulfilment of its former EU treaty obligations, European Union directives had been transposed into the UK legal system on an ongoing basis by the UK parliament. Upon Brexit, non-transposed EU law (such as regulations) was transplanted into domestic law as "retained EU law", with an additional period of alignment with EU law during the transition period from 31 January to 31 December 2020. Legal jurisdictions There are three distinct legal jurisdictions in the United Kingdom: England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Each has its own legal system, distinct history a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardiff University
Cardiff University () is a public research university in Cardiff, Wales. It was established in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and became a founding college of the University of Wales in 1893. It was renamed University College, Cardiff in 1972 and merged with the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology in 1988 to become University of Wales College, Cardiff and then University of Wales, Cardiff in 1996. In 1997 it received Academic degree, degree-awarding powers, but held them in abeyance. It adopted the trade name, operating name of Cardiff University in 1999; this became its legal name in 2005, when it became an independent university awarding its own degrees. Cardiff University is the only List of universities in Wales, Welsh member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities. Academics and alumni of the university have included four heads of state or government and two Nobel laureates. the university's academ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Case Citation
Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported. Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information. A legal citation is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position." Where cases are published on paper, the citation usually contains the following information: * Court that issued the decision * Report title * Volume number * Page, section, or paragraph number * Publication year In some report series, for example in England, Australia and some in Canada, volumes are not numbered independently of the year: thus the year and volume number (usually no greater than 4) are required to identify which book of the series has the case report ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ALWD Guide To Legal Citation
''ALWD Guide to Legal Citation'', formerly ''ALWD Citation Manual'', is a style guide providing a legal citation system for the United States, compiled by the Association of Legal Writing Directors. Its first edition was published in 2000, under editor Darby Dickerson. Its seventh edition, under editor Carolyn V. Williams, was released in May 2021 by Aspen Publishing. The ''ALWD Guide to Legal Citation'' is published as a spiral-bound book as well as an online version. It primarily competes with the ''Bluebook'' style, a system developed and still updated by law reviews students at Harvard, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, and Columbia. Citations in the two formats are essentially identical. ''ALWD'' primarily focuses on citations for legal and court documents while the Bluebook focuses on academic writing, although both manuals provide citation guidance for both kinds of writing. Adoption Three U.S. jurisdictions have adopted ''ALWD'': * United States Court of Appeals fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Uniform System Of Citation
''The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation'' is a style guide that prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States. It is taught and used at a majority of law schools in the United States and is also used in a majority of federal courts. Legal publishers also use several "house" citation styles in their works. ''The Bluebook'' is compiled by the ''Harvard Law Review'', ''Columbia Law Review'', ''Yale Law Journal'', and ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review''. Currently, it is in its 22nd edition (published May 2025). Its name was first used for the 6th edition (1939). Opinions have differed regarding its origins at Yale and Harvard Law Schools, with the latter long claiming credit.Liptak, Ada"Yale Finds Error in Legal Stylebook: Harvard Did Not Create It"''The New York Times'', December 7, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2024. The Supreme Court uses its own unique citation style in its opinions, even though most of the justices and their law clerks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citation Of United Kingdom Legislation
Citation of United Kingdom legislation includes the systems used for legislation passed by devolved parliaments and assemblies, for secondary legislation, and for prerogative instruments. It is relatively complex both due to the different sources of legislation in the United Kingdom, and because of the different histories of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. Citation of primary legislation as a whole Each piece of legislation passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom ("Westminster") is known as an Act of Parliament. Each modern Act of Parliament has a title (also known as a "long title") and a short title. A short title provides a convenient name for referring to an individual Act, such as " Jamaica Independence Act 1962". The long title is more comprehensive in scope, providing a sometimes very detailed description of the Act's provisions that is too unwieldy for convenient citation; for example, the long title of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hansard
''Hansard'' is the transcripts of parliamentary debates in Britain and many Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth countries. It is named after Thomas Curson Hansard (1776–1833), a London printer and publisher, who was the first official printer to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliament at Westminster. Origins Though the history of the ''Hansard'' began in the British Parliament, each of Britain's colonies developed a separate and distinctive history. Before 1771, the British Parliament had long been a highly secretive body. The official record of the actions of the House was publicly available but there was no record of the debates. The publication of remarks made in the House became a breach of parliamentary privilege, punishable by the two Houses of Parliament (UK), Houses of Parliament. As the populace became interested in parliamentary debates, more independent newspapers began publishing unofficial accounts of them. The many penalties implemented by the governmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George III
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland, Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with George as its king. He was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Electorate of Hanover, Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the first monarch of the House of Hanover who was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover. George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, George II of Great Britain, King George II, as the first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became heir apparent and Prince of Wales. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Employment Rights Act 1996
The Employment Rights Act 1996 (c. 18) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament (United Kingdom), Act of Parliament passed by the Conservative Party (UK), Conservative government to codify existing law on individual rights in UK labour law. History Previous statutes, dating from the Contracts of Employment Act 1963, included the Redundancy Payments Act 1965, the Employment Protection Act 1975, and thWages Act 1986 It deals with rights that most employees can get when they work, including Unfair dismissal in the United Kingdom, unfair dismissal, reasonable notice before dismissal, time off rights for parenting, redundancy and more. It was amended substantially by the Labour government since 1997, to include the right to request flexible working time. This coincides with the Rights at Work Act 1995. Part I, Employment particulars An employee has an employment contract. ERA 1996 section 1(2) states, that the main terms of the contract must be in writing and provided to the employee w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Citation
Legal citation is the practice of crediting and referring to authoritative documents and sources. The most common sources of authority cited are court decisions (cases), statutes, regulations, government documents, treaties, and scholarly writing. Typically, a proper legal citation will inform the reader about a source's authority, how strongly the source supports the writer's proposition, its age, and other, wikt:relevant, relevant information. Citation by country Some countries have a de facto citation standard that has been adopted by most of the country's institutions. Australia Australian legal citation usually follows the ''Australian Guide to Legal Citation'' (commonly known as AGLC) Canada Canadian legal citation usually follows the ''Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation'' (commonly called the McGill Guide) Germany German legal citation Ireland OSCOLA Ireland is the system of legal citation for Ireland. OSCOLA Ireland was adapted from the Oxford Standard for C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
