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Bromobenzyl Cyanide
Bromobenzyl cyanide (BBC), also known in the military idiom as camite (CA), is an obsolete lachrymatory agent introduced in World War I by the Allied Powers, being a standard agent, along with chloroacetophenone, adopted by the CWS. When implemented in World War I, it revolutionized the use of tear agents due to their extreme potency. BBC is toxic like chlorine gas. An application for bromobenzyl cyanide is in Hoch's synthesis of diphenylacetonitrile. See also * Chloroacetophenone *CR gas *CS gas *Lachrymatory agent Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce ... References External links * * {{aromatic-stub Benzene derivatives Lachrymatory agents Nitriles Organobromides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lachrymatory Agent
Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness. Common lachrymators both currently and formerly used as tear gas include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray ( nonivamide), CS gas, CR gas, CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone, xylyl bromide, chloropicrin (PS gas) and Mace (a branded mixture). While lachrymatory agents are commonly deployed for riot control by law enforcement and military personnel, its use in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties.E.g. the Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials". During World War I, increasingly toxic and deadly lachrymatory age ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in European theatre of World War I, Europe and the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, Middle East, as well as in parts of African theatre of World War I, Africa and the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I, Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare; the widespread use of Artillery of World War I, artillery, machine guns, and Chemical weapons in World War I, chemical weapons (gas); and the introductions of Tanks in World War I, tanks and Aviation in World War I, aircraft. World War I was one of the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated World War I casualties, 10 million military dead and more than 20 million wounded, plus some 10 million civilian de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allies Of World War I
The Allies or the Entente (, ) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918). By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, the major European powers were divided between the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance. The Triple Entente was made up of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. The Triple Alliance was originally composed of Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy, but Italy remained neutral in 1914. As the war progressed, each coalition added new members. Japan joined the Entente in 1914 and, despite proclaiming its neutrality at the beginning of the war, Italy also joined the Entente in 1915. The term "Allies" became more widely used than "Entente", although the United Kingdom, Fran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenacyl Chloride
Phenacyl chloride, also commonly known as chloroacetophenone, is a substituted acetophenone. It is a useful building block in organic chemistry. Apart from that, it has been historically used as a riot control agent, where it is designated CN. It should not be confused with cyanide, another agent used in chemical warfare, which has the chemical structure CN−. Chloroacetophenone is thermally stable, and is the only tear agent that is distillable at ambient conditions. Preparation Chloroacetophenone was first synthetized by Carl Graebe in 1871 by passing chlorine into boiling acetophenone. Phenacyl chloride is readily available and was first prepared by chlorination of acetophenone vapour. It may also be synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene using chloroacetyl chloride, with an aluminium chloride catalyst: : Riot control agent It was investigated, but not used, during the First and Second World Wars (it was used as a "green agent" by the former Japanese mil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Warfare Service
The Chemical Corps is the branch of the United States Army tasked with defending against and using chemical weapon, chemical, biological agent, biological, radiological weapon, radiological, and nuclear weapon, nuclear (Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear, CBRN) weapons. The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army (United States), Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was redesignated the Chemical Corps. History Origins Discussion of the topic dates back to the American Civil War. A letter to the United States Department of War, War Department dated 5 April 1862 from New York City resident John Doughty proposed the use of chlorine Shell (projectile), shells to drive the Confederate Army from its positions. Dou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diphenylacetonitrile
Diphenylacetonitrile is an organic chemical with a wide variety of uses in the pharmaceutical industry. Synthesis In Hoch’s original procedure, phenylacetonitrile is brominated to give bromobenzyl cyanide, and reaction of this with benzene in the presence of aluminium trichloride gives diphenylacetonitrile. Applications *Opioid analgesics: Bezitramide, Dipipanone, Dipyanone, Isomethadol, LAAM, Methadone, Noracymethadol, Normethadone, Norpipanone, Piritramide, R-4066, R 4837 9708-47-3 R 5260 109-69-9(25ii): *Antispasmodics: Aminopentamide, Buzepide, Fenpiverinium, Fenpipramide *Psychostimulants: 2-Benzhydrylpiperazine 8217-87-0 Desoxypipradrol **Urinary incontinence: Darifenacin, Imidafenacin *Anti-diarrhoeals: Difenoxin, Diphenoxylate, Nufenoxole *Choleretic and spasmolytic agent: Diisopromine *Analeptic (respiratory stimulant): Doxapram *Antiarrhythmic: Isopropanamide *Antidepressant: McN-4187 *Cytochromes P450 inhibitor: Proadifen References {{reflist Ben ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroacetophenone
Phenacyl chloride, also commonly known as chloroacetophenone, is a substituted acetophenone. It is a useful building block in organic chemistry. Apart from that, it has been historically used as a riot control agent, where it is designated CN. It should not be confused with cyanide, another agent used in chemical warfare, which has the chemical structure CN−. Chloroacetophenone is thermally stable, and is the only tear agent that is distillable at ambient conditions. Preparation Chloroacetophenone was first synthetized by Carl Graebe in 1871 by passing chlorine into boiling acetophenone. Phenacyl chloride is readily available and was first prepared by chlorination of acetophenone vapour. It may also be synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene using chloroacetyl chloride, with an aluminium chloride catalyst: : Riot control agent It was investigated, but not used, during the First and Second World Wars (it was used as a "green agent" by the former Japanese milit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CR Gas
CR gas or dibenzoxazepine (chemical name dibenz[''b'',''f''][1,4]oxazepine, is an incapacitating agent and a lachrymatory agent. CR was developed by the British Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), Ministry of Defence as a riot control agent in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A report from the Porton Down, Porton Down laboratories described exposure as "like being thrown blindfolded into a bed of stinging nettles", and it earned the nickname "firegas". In its effects, CR gas is very similar to CS gas (''o''-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile), but twice as potent, even though there is little structural resemblance between the two. For example, 2 mg of dry CR causes skin redness in 10 min, 5 mg causes burning and erythremia, and strong pain. Water usually amplifies the pain effect of CR on skin. CR aerosols cause irritation at concentrations of 0.2 Microgram, mcg/L, becoming intolerable at 3 Microgram, mcg/L. The of CR through air inhalation 350 mg·min/L. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CS Gas
The compound 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called ''o''-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile; chemical formula: C10H5ClN2), a cyanocarbon, is the defining component of the lachrymatory agent commonly referred to as CS gas, a tear gas which is used as a riot control agent, and is banned for use in warfare due to the 1925 Geneva Protocol. Exposure causes a burning sensation and tearing of the eyes to the extent that the subject cannot keep their eyes open, and a burning irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat, resulting in profuse coughing, nasal mucus discharge, disorientation, and difficulty breathing, partially incapacitating the subject. CS gas is an aerosol of a volatile solvent (a substance that dissolves other active substances and that easily evaporates) and 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, which is a solid compound at room temperature. CS gas is generally accepted as being non-lethal. History CS gas was first synthesized by two Americans, B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lachrymatory Agent
Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness. Common lachrymators both currently and formerly used as tear gas include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray ( nonivamide), CS gas, CR gas, CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone, xylyl bromide, chloropicrin (PS gas) and Mace (a branded mixture). While lachrymatory agents are commonly deployed for riot control by law enforcement and military personnel, its use in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties.E.g. the Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials". During World War I, increasingly toxic and deadly lachrymatory age ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzene Derivatives
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structures, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. Benzene is a volatile organic compound. Benzene is classified as a carcin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lachrymatory Agents , a small vessel of terracotta or glass found in Roman and late Greek tombs, thought to have been used to collect the tears of mourners at funerals
{{disambiguation ...
Lachrymatory or lacrymatory may refer to: * Something that has the effect of ''lachrymation'', causing the secretion of tears * Tear gas, known formally as a ''lachrymatory agent'' or ''lachrymator'' * A lacrymatory A lacrymatory, lachrymatory or lacrimarium (from the Latin ''lacrima'', ' tear') is a small vessel of terracotta or, more frequently, of glass, found in Roman and late Greek tombs, and formerly supposed to have been bottles into which mourners ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
