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CS Gas
The compound 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called ''o''-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile; chemical formula: C10H5ClN2), a cyanocarbon, is the defining component of tear gas commonly referred to as CS gas, which is used as a riot control agent. Exposure causes a burning sensation and tearing of the eyes to the extent that the subject cannot keep their eyes open, and a burning irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat, resulting in profuse coughing, nasal mucus discharge, disorientation, and difficulty breathing, partially incapacitating the subject. CS gas is an aerosol of a volatile solvent (a substance that dissolves other active substances and that easily evaporates) and 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, which is a solid compound at room temperature. CS gas is generally accepted as being non-lethal. It was first synthesized by two Americans, Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton, at Middlebury College in 1928, and the chemical's name is derived from the firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cyanocarbon
In organic chemistry, cyanocarbons are a group of chemical compounds that contain several cyanide functional groups. Such substances generally are classified as organic compounds, since they are formally derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with a cyanide group.Webster, Owen W. "Cyanocarbons: a classic example of discovery-driven research" Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2001, volume, 40, pp. 210-221. The parent member is (tetracyanomethane, also known as carbon tetracyanide). Organic chemists often refer to cyanides as nitriles. In general, cyanide is an electronegative substituent. Thus, for example, cyanide-substituted carboxylic acids tend to be stronger than the parents. The cyanide group can also stabilize anions by delocalizing negative charge as revealed by resonance structures. Definition and examples ''Cyanocarbons are organic compounds bearing enough cyano functional groups to significantly alter their chemical pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Malononitrile
Malononitrile is an organic compound nitrile with the formula . It is a colorless or white solid. It can be prepared by dehydration of cyanoacetamide. Malononitrile is relatively acidic, with a p''K''a of 11 in water. This allows it to be used in the Knoevenagel condensation, for example in the preparation of CS gas: Malononitrile is a suitable starting material for the Gewald reaction, where the nitrile condenses with a ketone or aldehyde in the presence of elemental sulfur and a base to produce a 2-amino thiophene. See also * Malonic acid Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionized form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic aci ... * Diethyl malonate References External links WebBook page for C3H2N2 {{Authority control Alkanedinitriles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Adamsite
Adamsite or DM is an organic compound; technically, an arsenical diphenylaminechlorarsine, that can be used as a riot control agent. DM belongs to the group of chemical warfare agents known as vomiting agents or sneeze gases. First synthesized in Germany by Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1915, it was independently developed by the US chemist Roger Adams (for whom it is named) at the University of Illinois in 1918. Composition DM is an odourless crystalline compound with a very low vapour pressure. The colour of the crystals ranges from bright yellow to dark green depending on the purity. It is readily soluble in some organic solvents (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane), but nearly insoluble in water. In vaporous form it appears as a canary yellow smoke. Effects Adamsite is usually dispersed as an aerosol, making the upper respiratory tract the primary site of action. Although the effects are similar to those caused by typical riot control agents (e.g. CS), they are slower in onset but l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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CN Gas
Phenacyl chloride, also commonly known as chloroacetophenone, is a substituted acetophenone. It is a useful building block in organic chemistry. Apart from that, it has been historically used as a riot control agent, where it is designated CN. It should not be confused with cyanide, another agent used in chemical warfare, which has the chemical structure CN−. Preparation Phenacyl chloride is readily available and was first prepared by chlorination of acetophenone vapour. It may also be synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene using chloroacetyl chloride, with an aluminium chloride catalyst: Riot control agent It was investigated, but not used, during the First and Second World Wars. Because of its significantly greater toxicity, it has largely been supplanted by CS gas. Even though CN is still supplied to paramilitary and police forces in a small pressurized aerosol known as “Mace” or tear gas, its use is falling as pepper spray both works and disperses m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Prostration
Prostration is the gesture of placing one's body in a reverentially or submissively prone position. Typically prostration is distinguished from the lesser acts of bowing or kneeling by involving a part of the body above the knee, especially the hands, touching the ground. Major world religions employ prostration as an act of submissiveness or worship to a supreme being or other worshiped entity (i.e. God), as in the ''metanoia'' in Christian prayer used in the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches and the ''sajdah'' of the Islamic prayer, ''salat''. In various cultures and traditions, prostrations are similarly used to show respect to rulers, civil authorities and social elders or superiors, as in the Chinese kowtow or Ancient Greek ''proskynesis''. The act has often traditionally been an important part of religious, civil and traditional rituals and ceremonies, and remains in use in many cultures. Traditional religious practices Many religious institutions (list ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Nausea
Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit. While not painful, it can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, abdomen, or back of the throat. Over 30 definitions of nausea were proposed in a 2011 book on the topic. Nausea is a non-specific symptom, which means that it has many possible causes. Some common causes of nausea are gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal disorders, food poisoning, motion sickness, dizziness, migraine, fainting, low blood sugar, anxiety, and lack of sleep. Nausea is a side effect of many medications including chemotherapy, or morning sickness in early pregnancy. Nausea may also be caused by disgust and depression. Medications taken to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting are called antiemetics. The most commonly prescribed antiemetics in the US are promethazine, metoclopramide, and the newer ondansetron. The word nausea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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CS Gas Shells, Taksim Gezi Park, Istanbul, 31-05-2013
CS, C-S, C.S., Cs, cs, or cs. may refer to: Job titles * Chief Secretary (Hong Kong) * Chief superintendent, a rank in the British and several other police forces * Company secretary, a senior position in a private sector company or public sector organisation * Culinary Specialist, a US Navy occupational rating Language * Czech language (ISO 639-1 language code) * Hungarian cs, a digraph in the Hungarian alphabet Organizations * Christian Social Party (Austria), a major conservative political party in the Cisleithania, part of Austria-Hungary, and in the First Republic of Austria * Citizens (Spanish political party), a post-nationalist political party in Spain * Congregation of the Missionaries of St. Charles, a Catholic religious congregation, also called ''Scalabrinians'' * Confederate States of America, an unrecognized confederation of secessionist North American slave states existing from 1861 to 1865 Companies * Colorado and Southern Railway, a railroad company in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Tear Gas Shells Used In Istanbul In 2013
Tear, tears or tearing may refer to: * Tearing, the act of breaking apart a material by force * Tears, a clear liquid secreted by the tear gland in the eyes of land mammals Arts and entertainment Literature * "Tears", a poem by Edward Thomas * "Tears", a poem by Walt Whitman Music Groups and labels * The Tears, an English rock band Albums * ''Tears'' (Paul Bley album) * ''Tears'' (The Crocodiles album) * ''Tears'' (The Crüxshadows album), 2001 * ''Tears'' (Joseph Williams album) * ''Tears'', album by Fumiya Fujii * '' Love Yourself: Tear'', a 2018 album by the South Korean boy band BTS Songs * "Tear", a song by Lotion from '' Full Isaac'', 1993 * "Tear", a song by Smashing Pumpkins from '' Adore'', 1998 * "Tear", a song by Red Hot Chili Peppers from ''By the Way'', 2002 * "Tears" (Ken Dodd song), 1965 * "Tears" (Rush song), 1976 * "Tears" (X Japan song), 1993 * "Tears" (Fayray song), 2000 * "Tears" (Clean Bandit song) featuring Louisa Johnson, 2016 * "Tears", a song ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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CS Gas 1330189
CS, C-S, C.S., Cs, cs, or cs. may refer to: Job titles * Chief Secretary (Hong Kong) * Chief superintendent, a rank in the British and several other police forces * Company secretary, a senior position in a private sector company or public sector organisation * Culinary Specialist, a US Navy occupational rating Language * Czech language (ISO 639-1 language code) * Hungarian cs, a digraph in the Hungarian alphabet Organizations * Christian Social Party (Austria), a major conservative political party in the Cisleithania, part of Austria-Hungary, and in the First Republic of Austria * Citizens (Spanish political party), a post-nationalist political party in Spain * Congregation of the Missionaries of St. Charles, a Catholic religious congregation, also called ''Scalabrinians'' * Confederate States of America, an unrecognized confederation of secessionist North American slave states existing from 1861 to 1865 Companies * Colorado and Southern Railway, a railroad company in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane (DCM or methylene chloride, methylene bichloride) is an organochlorine compound with the formula . This colorless, volatile liquid with a chloroform-like, sweet odour is widely used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible with water, it is slightly polar, and miscible with many organic solvents.Rossberg, M. ''et al.'' (2006) "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. . Occurrence Natural sources of dichloromethane include oceanic sources, macroalgae, wetlands, and volcanoes. However, the majority of dichloromethane in the environment is the result of industrial emissions. Production DCM is produced by treating either chloromethane or methane with chlorine gas at 400–500 °C. At these temperatures, both methane and chloromethane undergo a series of reactions producing progressively more chlorinated products. In this way, an estimated 400,000 tons were produced in the US, Europe, and Japan in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Waco Siege
The Waco siege, also known as the Waco massacre, was the law enforcement siege of the compound that belonged to the religious sect Branch Davidians. It was carried out by the U.S. federal government, Texas state law enforcement, and the U.S. military, between February 28 and April 19, 1993. The Branch Davidians were led by David Koresh and were headquartered at Mount Carmel Center ranch in the community of Axtell, Texas, 13 miles (21 kilometers) northeast of Waco. Suspecting the group, who had licenses to manufacture and sell weapons, of stockpiling illegal weapons, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) obtained a search warrant for the compound and arrest warrants for Koresh, as well as a select few of the group's members. The incident began when the ATF attempted to serve a search and arrest warrant on the ranch. An intense gunfight erupted, resulting in the deaths of four government agents and six Branch Davidians. Upon the ATF's entering of the property ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium are below it. It is relatively unreactive. Because of its high chemical affinity for oxygen, it was not until 1823 that Jöns Jakob Berzelius was first able to prepare it and characterize it in pure form. Its oxides form a family of anions known as silicates. Its melting and boiling points of 1414 °C and 3265 °C, respectively, are the second highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being surpassed only by boron. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. It is widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |