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Borneol
Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an '' endo'' position. The exo diastereomer is called isoborneol. Being chiral, borneol exists as enantiomers, both of which are found in nature: ''d''-borneol (also written (+)-borneol) and ''l''-borneol (or (−)-borneol). Reactions Borneol is oxidized to the ketone ( camphor). Occurrence The compound was named in 1842 by the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt. Borneol can be found in several species of '' Heterotheca'', '' Artemisia'', ''Rosmarinus officinalis'' ( rosemary) ''Dipterocarpaceae'', '' Blumea balsamifera'' and ''Kaempferia galanga''. It is one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum. This compound is gathered from the beaver's plant food. Synthesis Borneol can be synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction (a reversible process). Industrially, a racemic mixture of camphor is used, leading to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isoborneol
Isoborneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an ''Endo-exo isomerism, exo'' position. The endo diastereomer is called borneol. Being chiral, isoborneol exists as enantiomers. Preparation Isoborneol is synthesized commercially by hydrolysis of isobornyl acetate. The latter is obtained from treatment of camphene with acetic acid in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. It can also be produced by reduction of camphor: : Isoborneol derivatives as chiral ligands Derivatives of isoborneol are used as ligands in asymmetric synthesis. * (2''S'')-(−)-3-''exo''-(morpholino)isoborneol or MIB with a morpholine substituent in the α-hydroxyl position. * (2''S'')-(−)-3-''exo''-(dimethylamino)isoborneol or DAIB with a amine, dimethylamino substituent in the α-hydroxyl position References {{Reflist Secondary alcohols Monoterpenes Bicyclic compounds Cyclopentanes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camphor
Camphor () is a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma. It is classified as a terpenoid and a cyclic ketone. It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (''Cinnamomum camphora''), a large evergreen tree found in East Asia; and in the kapur tree (Dryobalanops, ''Dryobalanops'' sp.), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It also occurs in some other related trees in the Lauraceae, laurel family, notably ''Ocotea usambarensis''. Rosemary leaves (''Rosmarinus officinalis'') contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor, while camphorweed (''Heterotheca'') contains some 5%. A major source of camphor in Asia is Ocimum kilimandscharicum, camphor basil (the parent of African blue basil). Camphor can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. The compound is Chirality (chemistry), chiral, existing in two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1''R'',4''R'')-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image show ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castoreum
Castoreum is a yellowish exudate from the castor sacs of mature beavers used in combination with urine to territorial marking, scent mark their territory. Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail. The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine or exocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as preputial glands, castor glands, or scent glands are misnomers. It is extracted with alcohol from the dried and crushed castor sacs for use as a tincture in some perfumesInternational Perfume Museum, Grasse, France, Website: and, rarely, as a food additive. Chemical composition At least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum. Several of these have pheromone, pheromonal activity, of which the phenols 4-ethylphenol and catechol and the ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone are strongest. Five additional compounds elicit a wea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaempferia Galanga
''Kaempferia galanga'', commonly known as kencur, aromatic ginger, sand ginger, cutcherry, is a monocotyledonous plant in the ginger family, and one of four plants called galangal. It is found primarily in open areas in Indonesia, southern China, Taiwan, Cambodia, and India, but is also widely cultivated throughout Southeast Asia. Culinary and medical use ''Kaempferia galanga'' is used as a spice in cooking in Indonesia, where it is called ''kencur'' ('cekur' in Malaysia), and especially in Javanese and Balinese cuisines. ''Beras kencur'', which combines dried ''K. galanga'' powder with rice flour, is a particularly popular '' jamu'' herbal drink. Its leaves are also used in the Malay rice dish, '' nasi ulam''. Unlike the similar '' Boesenbergia rotunda'' (Thai กระชาย ''krachai''), ''K. galanga'' is not commonly used in Thai cuisine, but can be bought as a dried rhizome or in powder form at herbal medicine stalls. It is known in Thai as ''proh horm'' (เป ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blumea Balsamifera
''Blumea balsamifera'' is a flowering plant belonging to the genus ''Blumea'' of the family Asteraceae. It is also known as Ngai camphor and sambong (also sembung). Description In the Philippines, where it is most commonly known as sambong, ''Blumea balsamifera'' is used in traditional herbal medicine for the common cold and as a diuretic. It is also used for infected wounds, respiratory tract infection, respiratory infections, and stomach pains in Thailand, Thai and China, Chinese traditional medicine, folk medicine. The genus ''Blumea'' is found in the tropical and sub-tropical zones of Asia, especially the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. ''Blumea balsamifera'' is one of its species that is used in Southeast Asia. A weed, this plant is a ruderal species that often grows on disturbed land,Sambo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Callicarpa
''Callicarpa'' (beautyberry) is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Lamiaceae.Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. They are native to east and southeast Asia (where the majority of the species occur), Australia, Madagascar, south-eastern North America and South America. Growth The temperate species are deciduous, the tropical species evergreen. The leaves are simple, opposite, and 5–25 cm long. The flowers are in clusters, white to pinkish. The fruit is a berry, 2–5 mm diameter and pink to red-purple with a highly distinctive metallic lustre, are very conspicuous in clusters on the bare branches after the leaves fall. The berries last well into the winter or dry season and are an important survival food for birds and other animals, though they will not eat them until other sources are depleted. The berries are highly astringent but are made into wine and jelly. '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterotheca
''Heterotheca'' (common names goldenasters, camphorweed, and telegraph weed) is a genus of North American plants in the family Asteraceae. Etymology ''Heterotheca'' (heterothe'ca:) comes from Ancient Greek "other, different" and "case, chest" (botanically, "ovary") and refers to the difference in shape, in some species in the genus, between the cypselae (achenes containing seed) of the disk and ray florets. Description, biology These are annual and perennial herbs bearing daisy-like flower heads with yellow disc florets and usually yellow ray florets, associated with mesic to xeric habitats across North America. Several species now included in ''Heterotheca'' were previously classified in the genus '' Chrysopsis.'' ''Heterotheca'' species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some species of Lepidoptera including '' Schinia lynx'', '' Schinia nubila'' and '' Schinia saturata'' (all of which have been recorded on ''Heterotheca subaxillaris''). Chemistry The lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Oxidation
Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. In organic chemistry oxidations and reductions are different from ordinary redox reactions, because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electron transfer.March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc. Instead the relevant criterion for organic oxidation is gain of oxygen and/or loss of hydrogen.''Organic Redox Systems: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications'', Tohru Nishinaga 2016 Simple functional groups can be arranged in order of increasing oxidation state. The oxidation numbers are only an approximation: When methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide its oxidation number changes from −4 to +4. Classical reductions include alkene reduction to alkanes and classical oxidations include alcohol oxidation, oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. In oxidation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Borohydride
Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydridoborate and sodium tetrahydroborate, is an inorganic compound with the formula (sometimes written as ). It is a white crystalline solid, usually encountered as an aqueous basic solution. Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent that finds application in papermaking and dye industries. It is also used as a reagent in organic synthesis. The compound was discovered in the 1940s by H. I. Schlesinger, who led a team seeking volatile uranium compounds.Hermann I Schlesinger and Herbert C Brown (1945)Preparation of alkali metal compounds. US Patent 2461661. Granted on 1949-02-15; expired on 1966-02-15. Results of this wartime research were declassified and published in 1953. Properties The compound is soluble in alcohols, certain ethers, and water, although it slowly hydrolyzes. Sodium borohydride is an odorless white to gray-white microcrystalline powder that often forms lumps. It can be purified by recrystallization from warm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley Reduction
The Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction in organic chemistry is the reduction of ketones and aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols utilizing aluminium alkoxide catalysis in the presence of a sacrificial alcohol. The advantages of the MPV reduction lie in its high chemoselectivity and its use of a cheap environmentally friendly metal catalyst. MPV reductions have been described as "obsolete" owing to the development of sodium borohydride and related reagents. The MPV reduction was independently discovered by Albert Verley and the team of Hans Meerwein and Rudolf Schmidt in 1925. They found that a mixture of aluminium ethoxide and ethanol could reduce aldehydes to their alcohols. Ponndorf applied the reaction to ketones and upgraded the catalyst to aluminium isopropoxide in isopropanol. Mechanism The MPV reduction is believed to go through a catalytic cycle involving a six-member ring transition state as shown in Figure 2. Starting with the aluminium alkoxide 1, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Reduction
Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. In organic chemistry oxidations and reductions are different from ordinary redox reactions, because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electron transfer.March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc. Instead the relevant criterion for organic oxidation is gain of oxygen and/or loss of hydrogen.''Organic Redox Systems: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications'', Tohru Nishinaga 2016 Simple functional groups can be arranged in order of increasing oxidation state. The oxidation numbers are only an approximation: When methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide its oxidation number changes from −4 to +4. Classical reductions include alkene reduction to alkanes and classical oxidations include oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. In oxidations electrons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants with 22 genera and about 695 known species of mainly lowland tropical forest trees. Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in Borneo.Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'', 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552 The largest genera are ''Shorea'' (196 species), ''Hopea'' (104 species), ''Dipterocarpus'' (70 species), and ''Vatica'' (65 species).Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In ''Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak,'' Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Many are large forest-emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in the genera ''Dryobalanops'', ''Hopea'' and ''Shorea''), with the tallest known living specimen (''Shorea faguetiana'') 93.0 m tall. Nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
