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Bentranil
Bentranil is a postemergent herbicide used to control annual weeds in cereal crops, maize, and rice. of bentranil was used in the US in 1974. Bentranil has excellent selectivity on germinaceous crops, potatoes and soybeans, but was never commercialised due to the high doses needed to control broadleaf weeds. Bentranil is synthesised from 2-iodobenzoic acid and benzonitrile. Medical potential Bentranil derivates show promise as highly selective CYP1B1, Cytochrome P450 inhibitors, which is desirable to prevent and treat cancer, as P450 is highly expressed in tumours and is implicated to drug resistance. Derivatives Fluorobentranil (bentranil that has undergone fluorine substitution) showed good broad-leaf activity and selectivity on rice, cereals and maize. The 5-fluoro derivative showed triple the standard herbicidal activity. The fluorine's electronegativity strengthens binding to enzymes. : References {{Herbicides Herbicides Benzoxazines Lactones Pesticides Pesti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluorobentranil
Bentranil is a postemergent herbicide used to control annual weeds in cereal crops, maize, and rice. of bentranil was used in the US in 1974. Bentranil has excellent selectivity on germinaceous crops, potatoes and soybeans, but was never commercialised due to the high doses needed to control broadleaf weeds. Bentranil is synthesised from 2-iodobenzoic acid and benzonitrile. Medical potential Bentranil derivates show promise as highly selective Cytochrome P450 inhibitors, which is desirable to prevent and treat cancer, as P450 is highly expressed in tumours and is implicated to drug resistance. Derivatives Fluorobentranil (bentranil that has undergone fluorine Fluorine is a chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at Standard temperature and pressure, standard conditions as pale yellow Diatomic molecule, diatomic gas. Fluorine is extre ... substitution) showed good broad-leaf activity and selectivity on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CYP1B1
Cytochrome P450 1B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CYP1B1'' gene. Function CYP1B1 belongs to the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids. The enzyme encoded by this gene localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER) and metabolizes procarcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 17beta-estradiol. Despite over 20 years of research on CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, CYP1B1 was not identified and sequenced until 1994. Nucleic and amino acid analysis showed approximately 40% identity with CYP1A1. Despite this similarity, these two enzymes have very different catalytic efficiencies and metabolites when incubated with common substrates, such as retinoic acid and arachidonic acid. Recently CYP1B1 has been shown to be physiologically important in fetal development, since mutations in CYP1B1 are linked w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbicide
Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.EPA. February 201Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates. Summary in press releasMain page for EPA reports on pesticide use ihere Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscriminately. The combined effects of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and improved cultivars has increased yields (per acre) of major crops by three to six times from 1900 to 2000. In the United States in 2012, about 91% of all herbicide usage, was determined by weight applied, in agriculture. In 2012, world pesticide expenditures totaled nearly US$24.7 billion; herbicides were about 44% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by insecticides, fungicides, and fumigants. Herbicide is also used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broadleaf Weeds
Broadleaf weeds are dicotyledonous weeds that may grow in lawns, gardens or yards. They can be easy to spot when growing among grasses. They are tougher than grassy monocot weeds, multiply with ease, and can be very hard to eradicate. Basic characteristics Broadleaf weeds can emerge annually, biennially, or perennially, making consistent management difficult. Perennial weeds are often very difficult to control as the weeds regenerate faster than they can be eradicated. Broadleaf weeds, as their name suggests, often have wide leaves and grow from a stem. Most broadleaf weeds develop clusters of blossoms or single flowers as they mature that can be considered undesirable. The roots of most broadleaf weeds are fibrous in nature. The roots can be thin, a large taproot, or a combination. Many broadleaf weeds spread through their seeds and rhizomes, although some only spread through seeds. Popular broadleaf weeds are chickweed, clover, dandelion, wild geranium, ivy, milkweed, plantai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzonitrile
Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula , abbreviated PhCN. This aromatic organic compound is a colorless liquid with a cherry or almond like odour. It is mainly used industrially to produce the melamine resin precursor benzoguanamine. Production and reactions It is prepared by ammoxidation of toluene, that is its reaction with ammonia and oxygen (or air) at . : + 3/2 + → + In the laboratory it can be prepared by the dehydration of benzamide or benzaldehyde oxime or by the Rosenmund–von Braun reaction using cuprous cyanide or NaCN/ DMSO and bromobenzene. : Hydrogenation of benzonitrile in principle gives benzylamine, but owing to transamination, dibenzylamine and tribenzylamine are also produced. Applications Laboratory uses Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives. It reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis. It is a precursor to diphenylmethanimine via reaction with phen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at Standard temperature and pressure, standard conditions as pale yellow Diatomic molecule, diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely Reactivity (chemistry), reactive as it reacts with all other Periodic table, elements except for the light Noble gas, noble gases. It is highly toxicity, toxic. Among the elements, fluorine ranks Abundance of the chemical elements, 24th in cosmic abundance and 13th in crustal abundance. Fluorite, the primary mineral source of fluorine, which gave the element its name, was first described in 1529; as it was added to metal ores to lower their melting points for smelting, the Latin verb meaning gave the mineral its name. Proposed as an element in 1810, fluorine proved difficult and dangerous to separate from its compounds, and several early experimenters died or sustained injuries from their attempts. Only in 1886 did French chemist He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbicides
Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.EPA. February 201Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates. Summary in press releasMain page for EPA reports on pesticide use ihere Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscriminately. The combined effects of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and improved cultivars has increased yields (per acre) of major crops by three to six times from 1900 to 2000. In the United States in 2012, about 91% of all herbicide usage, was determined by weight applied, in agriculture. In 2012, world pesticide expenditures totaled nearly US$24.7 billion; herbicides were about 44% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by insecticides, fungicides, and fumigants. Herbicide is also used i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzoxazines
Benzoxazines are a group of isomeric bicyclic heterocyclic chemical compounds that consist of a benzene Benzene is an Organic compound, organic chemical compound with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal Ring (chemistry), ring with one hyd ... ring fused to an oxazine ring. The different isomers depend on the relative positions of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the oxazine ring, on the location of ring fusion, and on the position of the double bond in the oxazine ring. They have the molecular formula C8H7NO. Preparation 1,3-Benzoxazines can be synthesized by the Mannich reaction using a phenol, an amine, and formaldehyde. Uses Pharmaceutical drugs Benzoxazine rings form the central chemical structure of a number of pharmaceutical drugs including, for example, apararenone, elbasvir, and etifoxine. Polymers Polybenzoxazines, also called benzoxazine resins, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactones
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids. Nomenclature Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size. Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (''aceto'' = 2 carbon atoms, ''propio'' = 3, ''butyro'' = 4, ''valero'' = 5, ''capro'' = 6, etc.), with a ''-lactone'' suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that is, the distance between the relevant -OH and the -COOH groups along said backbone. The first carbon atom after the carbon in the -COOH group on the parent compound is labelled α, the second will be labeled β, and so forth. Therefore, the prefixes also indicate the size of the lactone ring: α-lactone = 3-membered ring, β-lactone = 4-membered, γ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pesticides
Pesticides are substances that are used to pest control, control pest (organism), pests. They include herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, and many others (see table). The most common of these are herbicides, which account for approximately 50% of all pesticide use globally. Most pesticides are used as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. In general, a pesticide is a Chemical substance, chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, or entomopathogenic fungus, fungus) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusca, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, spread disease, or are disease Vector (epidemiology), vectors. Along with these benefits, pesticides also have drawbacks, such as Pesticide poisoning, potent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
