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Avian Coronavirus
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a species of virus from the genus ''Gammacoronavirus'' that infects birds. It causes avian infectious bronchitis, a highly infectious disease that affects the respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal tract, gut, kidney and reproductive system. IBV affects the performance of both meat-producing and egg-producing chickens and is responsible for substantial economic loss within the poultry industry. Classification IBV is in the genus ''Gammacoronavirus'', or group 3, with a Viral gene reassortment, non-segmented, RNA virus#Single-stranded RNA viruses and RNA Sense, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. It was previously the type species of its genus ''Igacovirus''. When there was only one genus of coronaviruses, the genus ''Coronavirus'', it was the type species of the group of all known coronaviruses. Recombination When two strains of coronavirus IBV infect a host they may homologous recombination, recombine during genome replication. Recombi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gammacoronavirus
''Gammacoronavirus'' (Gamma-CoV) is one of the four genera (''Alphacoronavirus, Alpha''-, ''Betacoronavirus, Beta-'', ''Gamma-'', and ''Deltacoronavirus (genus), Delta-'') of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily ''Orthocoronavirinae'' of the family ''Coronaviridae''. They are Viral envelope, enveloped, Sense (molecular biology), positive-sense, Base pair, single-stranded RNA viruses of Zoonosis, zoonotic origin. Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans. While the alpha and beta genera are derived from the bat gene pool, the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig gene pools. Gamma-CoV also known as coronavirus group 3 are the avian coronaviruses. Taxonomy The genus contains the following subgenera and species: * Subgenus: ''Brangacovirus'' ** ''Gammacoronavirus brantae'', Goose coronavirus CB17 * Subgenus: ''Cegacovirus'' ** ''Gammacoronavirus delphinapteri'', Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 * Subgenus: ''Igacovirus'' ** ''Gammacoronavirus anatis'', Duck co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum
''Mycoplasma gallisepticum'' (MG) is a bacterium in the class Mollicutes and the family Mycoplasmataceae. It causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys, chickens, game birds, pigeons, and passerine birds of all ages.Mercia, Leonard (2001). ''Storey's Guide to Raising Poultry''. 1. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. pp. 272–73. ''Mycoplasma gallisepticum'' is a significant pathogen in poultry. The disease it causes can be controlled by rearing flocks free of the organism, or by vaccination, which is the most viable method in many parts of the world. The ability of ''M. gallisepticum'' to cause chronic disease is attributable, in part, to its capacity to vary the expression of its major cell surface lipoprotein VlhA over the course of infection, thus evading the immune response of its host. Mycoplasmosis is the disease caused by infection with mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas have many defining characteristics. Mycoplasma lack cell wall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal Viral Diseases
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from to . They have complex ecologies and interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of animal behaviour is known as ethology. The animal kingdom is divided into five major clades, namely Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poultry Diseases
Poultry diseases occur in poultry, which are domesticated birds kept for their meat, eggs or feathers. Poultry species include the chicken, turkey, duck, goose and ostrich. Viral diseases * Avian infectious bronchitis, caused by a strain of Avian coronavirus previously known as infectious bronchitis virus * Avian infectious laryngotracheitis, caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 * Avian influenza, caused by Avian influenza virus * Duck plague, caused by Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1 * Chicken infectious anemia, caused by Chicken anaemia virus * Epidemic tremor, caused by Tremovirus * Fowlpox, caused by viruses in the genus '' Avipoxvirus'' * Infectious bursal disease (IBD), also known Gumboro disease, caused by Infectious bursal disease virus * Lymphoid leukosis caused by avian sarcoma leukosis virus * Marek's disease * Newcastle disease * Viral arthritis, caused by Avian reovirus Parasitic diseases * Scaly leg, caused by the mite '' Knemidocoptes mutans'' * Infestat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veterinary Virology
Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine. Rhabdoviruses Rhabdoviruses are a diverse family of single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from plants and insects, to fish and mammals. The ''Rhaboviridae'' family consists of six genera, two of which, cytorhabdoviruses and nucleorhabdoviruses, only infect plants. Novirhabdoviruses infect fish, and vesiculovirus, lyssavirus and ephemerovirus infect mammals, fish and invertebrates. The family includes pathogens such as rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and potato yellow dwarf virus that are of public health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Foot-and-mouth disease virus Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family and is the cause of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. It is a non-enveloped, positive strand, RNA virus. FMDV ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infectious Bronchitis Virus D-RNA
The Infectious bronchitis virus D-RNA is an RNA element known as defective RNA or D-RNA. This element is thought to be essential for viral replication and efficient packaging of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) particles. Coronavirus D-RNA like that of IBV, are produced during high multiplicity of infection and contain ''cis-''acting sequences which are required for viral replication. While it is unclear exactly how IBV D-RNA is made, it is thought to be synthesized in a similar manner as subgenomic mRNA (sg mRNA), with most of the genomic sequence left out of the product. Additionally, sg mRNA can also be synthesized from the IBV D-RNA, although the mechanism of that process is still largely unknown. IBV D-RNA is often used in the reverse genetics approach to experimentally induce heterologous gene expression and site-specific mutagenesis of the coronavirus genome. However, a translation associated sequence (TAS), which is normally used to transcribe sg mRNA and is d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inactivated Vaccine
An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is a type of vaccine that contains pathogens (such as virus or bacteria) that have been killed or rendered inactive, so they cannot replicate or cause disease. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened). Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity and thus prevent infection from the vaccine. Inactivated vaccines were first developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s for cholera, plague, and typhoid. In 1897, Japanese scientists developed an inactivated vaccine for the bubonic plague. In the 1950s, Jonas Salk created an inactivated vaccine for the poliovirus, creating the first vaccine that was both safe and effective against polio. Today, inactivated vaccines exist for many pathogens, including influenza, polio (IPV), rabies, hepatitis A, CoronaVac, Covaxin and pertussis. Because ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attenuated Vaccine
An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen ( inactivated vaccine). Attenuated vaccines stimulate a strong and effective immune response that is long-lasting. In comparison to inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response with a quick immunity onset. They are generally avoided in pregnancy and in patients with severe immunodeficiencies. Attenuated vaccines function by encouraging the body to create antibodies and memory immune cells in response to the specific pathogen which the vaccine protects against. Common examples of live attenuated vaccines are measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, varicella, and some influenza vaccines. Development Attenua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oviduct
The oviduct in vertebrates is the passageway from an ovary. In human females, this is more usually known as the fallopian tube. The eggs travel along the oviduct. These eggs will either be fertilized by spermatozoa to become a zygote, or will degenerate in the body. Normally, these are paired structures, but in birds and some cartilaginous fishes, one or the other side fails to develop (together with the corresponding ovary), and only one functional oviduct can be found. Except in teleosts, the oviduct is not directly in contact with the ovary. Instead, the most anterior portion ends in a funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum, which collects eggs as they are released by the ovary into the body cavity. The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are the jawless fishes. In these species, the single fused ovary releases eggs directly into the body cavity. The fish eventually extrudes the eggs through a small genital pore towards the rear of the body. Fish and amphibia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ureters
The ureters are tubes composed of smooth muscle that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In an adult human, the ureters typically measure 20 to 30 centimeters in length and about 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. They are lined with urothelial cells, a form of transitional epithelium, and feature an extra layer of smooth muscle in the lower third to aid in peristalsis. The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases, including urinary tract infections and kidney stone. is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation. Congenital abnormalities that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side or abnormally placed ureters. Additionally, reflux of urine from the bladder back up the ureters is a condition commonly seen in children. The ureters have been identified for at least two thousand years, with the word "ureter" stemming from the stem relating to urinating and seen in written records since at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nephron
The nephron is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and a cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of epithelial cells with a lumen. A healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney. Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the endothelial cells of the capillary wall, its basement membrane, and between the podocyte foot processes of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent peritubular capillaries that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avian Metapneumovirus
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), also known as turkey rhinotracheitis or swollen head syndrome, causes a variety of disease syndromes in birds, depending on the bird species and virus type (A, B, C or D). First detected in 1978 in South Africa, the virus has spread all over the world except Australia. It is mostly found in turkeys, pheasants, Muscovy ducks and guinea fowls. Turkeys are the most susceptible species for all subtypes. It is presumed that other species are immune. Etiology AMPV belongs to the genus ''Metapneumovirus'' alongside human metapneumovirus, both of which belong to the family '' Pneumoviridae''. The spherical formed particles are 100 to 500 nm in diameter and the filamentous formed are 100 nm in width. Most of the particles are not highly pleomorphic but rounded. The virus is divided into four subtypes from A to D, which can be classified by the attachment of glycoprotein (G-protein). Subtypes A, B and D are more closely related in Europe tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
