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Anchiornithid
Anchiornithidae ("near birds") is a family of eumaniraptorans which could be the basalmost family of birds (in the general sense) in the clade Avialae. Anchiornithids have been classified at varying positions in the maniraptoran tree, with some scientists classifying them as a distinct family, a basal subfamily of Troodontidae, members of Archaeopterygidae, or an assemblage of dinosaurs that are an evolutionary grade within Avialae or Paraves. Description Anchiornithids share many general features with other Paraves and early avialans. They were small and lightly-built feathered carnivores, similar in biology to ''Archaeopteryx'', early dromaeosaurids like '' Microraptor'', and particularly troodontids. They are almost exclusively known from Late Jurassic Chinese deposits, although ''Ostromia'' was discovered in Germany and ''Yixianosaurus'' (a putative member of the group only known from forelimbs) is believed to hail from the early Cretaceous. Most had long legs, ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yixianosaurus
''Yixianosaurus'' (meaning "Yixian lizard") is a maniraptoran theropod dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous of China. The type species, ''Yixianosaurus longimanus'', was formally named and described by Xu Xing and Wang Xiaolin in 2003. Its partial skeleton was discovered in 2001, in Liaoning at Wangjiagou in northeastern China. The generic name refers to the Yixian Formation. The specific name means "with a long hand" from Latin ''longus'', "long", and ''manus'', "hand".Xu, X. and Wang, X. (2003).A new maniraptoran dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning. ''Vertebrata PalAsiatica'', 41(3): 195–202. Description ''Yixianosaurus'' is known only from a single specimen, holotype IVPP V12638, which likely derived from the Dawangzhangzi Bed (early Aptian stage, 122 million years ago).Xu, X. and Norell, M.A. (2006). "Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China."''Geological Jour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostromia
''Ostromia'' (''Thick feet of John Ostrom'') is a genus of anchiornithid theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Painten Formation of Germany. The genus contains a single species, ''O. crassipes'', named by Christian Foth and Oliver Rauhut in 2017. Discovery and naming The holotype was discovered near Riedenburg, Germany in 1855 and it was originally misidentified as a species of a pterodactyloid pterosaur and named ''Pterodactylus crassipes'' in 1857. In 1970 it was identified as an ''Archaeopteryx'' by paleontologist John Ostrom, who called it the "Haarlem specimen", since it was kept in the Teylers Museum in Haarlem.Ostrom JH. Archaeopteryx: notice of a “new” specimen. Science. 1970;170:537–8 In 2017 Christian Foth and Oliver Rauhut concluded it was more closely related to the Chinese ''Anchiornis'' and introduced the generic name ''Ostromia'', named after Ostrom. The only known specimen is fairly incomplete compared to most specimens of ''Archaeopteryx'', as it onl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xiaotingia
''Xiaotingia'' is a genus of anchiornithid theropod dinosaur from Middle Jurassic or early Late Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China, containing a single species, ''Xiaotingia zhengi''. Discovery ''Xiaotingia'' is known from the holotype STM 27-2, an articulated and almost complete skeleton including the skull. It was probably collected in the Linglongta area, Jianchang, from the Tiaojishan Formation. Etymology ''Xiaotingia'' was first named by Xu Xing, You Hailu, Du Kai and Han Fenglu in 2011 and the type species is ''Xiaotingia zhengi''. The generic name and specific name together honour paleontologist Zheng Xiaoting. Description ''Xiaotingia'' lived around 155 million years ago which preceded ''Archaeopteryx'' that lived around 144 million years ago. ''Xiaotingia'' was morphologically similar to ''Archaeopteryx'' and was the size of a hen. It was about 60 cm long and weighed an estimated 0.82 kg. It was a small feathered dinosaur that lived ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aurornis
''Aurornis'' is an extinct genus of anchiornithid theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic period of China. The genus ''Aurornis'' contains a single known species, ''Aurornis xui'' (). ''Aurornis xui'' may be the most basal ("primitive") avialan dinosaur known to date, and it is one of the earliest avialans found to date. The fossil evidence for the animal pre-dates that of ''Archaeopteryx lithographica'', often considered the earliest bird species, by about 10 million years. ''Aurornis xui'' was first described and named by Pascal Godefroit, Andrea Cau, Hu Dong-Yu, François Escuillié, Wu Wenhao and Gareth Dyke in 2013. The generic name is derived from the Latin word ''aurora'', meaning "daybreak" or "dawn", and the Ancient Greek ὄρνις (''órnis'') meaning "bird". The specific name, ''A. xui'', honors Xu Xing. A recent study of specimens of the avialan ''Anchiornis'' has found that the traits exhibited by ''Aurornis'' fall within the range of variation in ''Anchiornis'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraves
Paraves are a widespread group of theropod dinosaurs that originated in the Middle Jurassic period. In addition to the extinct dromaeosaurids, troodontids, anchiornithids, and possibly the scansoriopterygids, the group also contains the avialans, among which are the over ten thousand species of living birds. Early members of Paraves are well known for the possession of an enlarged claw on the second digit of the foot, which was held off the ground when walking in some species. Description Like other theropods, all paravians are bipedal, walking on their two hind legs. The teeth of primitive paravians were curved and serrated, but not blade-like except in some specialized species such as '' Dromaeosaurus albertensis''. The serrations on the front edge of dromaeosaurid and troodontid teeth were very small and fine, while the back edge had serrations which were very large and hooked. Most of the earliest paravian groups were carnivorous, though some smaller species (especiall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeopteryx
''Archaeopteryx'' (; ), sometimes referred to by its German name, "" ( ''Primeval Bird''), is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs. The name derives from the ancient Greek (''archaīos''), meaning "ancient", and (''ptéryx''), meaning "feather" or "wing". Between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, ''Archaeopteryx'' was generally accepted by palaeontologists and popular reference books as the oldest known bird (member of the group Avialae). Older potential avialans have since been identified, including '' Anchiornis'', '' Xiaotingia'', and '' Aurornis''. ''Archaeopteryx'' lived in the Late Jurassic around 150 million years ago, in what is now southern Germany, during a time when Europe was an archipelago of islands in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is now. Similar in size to a Eurasian magpie, with the largest individuals possibly attaining the size of a raven, the largest species of ''Archaeopteryx'' could grow to about in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serikornis
''Serikornis'' is a genus of small, feathered anchiornithid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning, China. It is represented by the type species ''Serikornis sungei''. Discovery ''Serikornis'', first described in August 2017, is noteworthy for the variety of feather types represented in its holotype, a single complete articulated skeleton preserved on a slab along with extensive integumentary structures. The specimen's feather imprints include wispy bundles along the neck, short and symmetrical vaned feathers on the arms, and both fuzz and long pennaceous feathers on its hindlimbs. While its anatomy and integument share features with birds as well as derived dromaeosaurs such as ''Microraptor'', cladistic analysis places the genus within the cluster of feathered dinosaurs near the origin of avians. It was unlikely to be a flier. Its name means "Ge Sun's silk bird", a reference to the plumulaceous-like body covering evident in the fossil. The specimen's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedopenna
''Pedopenna'' (meaning "foot feather") is a genus of small, feathered, maniraptoran dinosaur from the Daohugou Beds in China. It is possibly older than ''Archaeopteryx'', though the age of the Daohugou Beds where it was found is debated. A majority of studies suggest that beds probably date from between the late Middle Jurassic (168 million years ago) and early Late Jurassic Period (164-152 million years ago). The name ''Pedopenna'' refers to the long pennaceous feathers on the metatarsus; ''daohugouensis'' refers to the locality of Daohugou, where the holotype was found. ''Pedopenna daohugouensis'' probably measured 1 meter (3 ft) or less in length, but since this species is only known from the hind legs, the actual length is difficult to estimate. ''Pedopenna'' was originally classified as a paravian, the group of maniraptoran dinosaurs that includes both deinonychosaurs and avialans (the lineage including modern birds), but some scientists have classified it as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avialae
Avialae ("bird wings") is a clade containing the only living dinosaurs, the birds. It is usually defined as all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds (Aves) than to deinonychosaurs, though alternative definitions are occasionally used (see below). '' Archaeopteryx lithographica'', from the late Jurassic Period Solnhofen Formation of Germany, is possibly the earliest known avialan which may have had the capability of powered flight, though it might have been a deinonychosaur instead. Several older (but non flight-capable) avialans are known from the late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of China, dated to about 160 million years ago. Definition Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all theropods closer to birds than to '' Deinonychus''."Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (2004). ''The Dinosauria'', Second Edition. University of California Press., 8 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eosinopteryx
''Eosinopteryx'' is an extinct genus of theropod dinosaurs known to the late Jurassic period of China. It contains a single species, ''Eosinopteryx brevipenna''. Discovery and naming ''E. brevipenna'' is known from a single fossil specimen recovered from the Tiaojishan Formation of western Liaoning Province, China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period ( Oxfordian age), about 160 million years ago. The name ''Eosinopteryx'' is derived from the Greek ''eos'' ("daybreak" or "dawn"), the Latin ''Sinae'' ("Chinese"), and the Greek ''pteryx'' ("feather"). The specific name ''brevipenna'' (from the Latin ''brevis'', "short", and ''penna'', "feather") refers to the reduced plumage preserved in the type specimen, YFGP-T5197. Description ''Eosinopteryx brevipenna'' is known from a single fossil specimen representing the nearly complete skeleton of a subadult or adult individual. The specimen is very small for a non- avialan dinosaur, measuring about long. Unlike most trood ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeopterygidae
Archaeopterygidae is a group of maniraptoran dinosaurs, known from the latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous of Europe. In most current classifications, it contains only the genera ''Archaeopteryx'' and '' Wellnhoferia''. As its name suggests, '' Protarchaeopteryx'' was also once referred to this group, but most paleontologists now consider it an oviraptorosaur. Other referred genera, like '' Jurapteryx'', '' Wellnhoferia'', and " Proornis", are probably synonymous with ''Archaeopteryx'' (the former two) or do not belong into this group (the last). '' Jinfengopteryx'' was originally described as an archaeopterygid, though it was later shown to be a troodontid.Chiappe, L.M. (2007) ''Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds.'' Sydney: UNSW Press. . A few studies have recovered ''Anchiornis'' and '' Xiaotingia'' (usually considered part of a distinct clade, Anchiornithidae) to also be members of the Archaeopterygidae, though most subsequent analyses have failed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pennaceous Feather
The pennaceous feather is a type of feather present in most modern birds and in some other species of maniraptoriform dinosaurs. Description A pennaceous feather has a stalk or quill. Its basal part, called a ''calamus'', is embedded in the skin. The calamus is hollow and has pith formed from the dry remains of the feather pulp, and the calamus opens below by an ''inferior umbilicus'' and above by a ''superior umbilicus''. The stalk above the calamus is a solid ''rachis'' having an umbilical groove on its underside. Pennaceous feathers have a rachis with ''vanes'' or ''vaxillum '' spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened ''barbs'', that are connected to one another with '' barbules''. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened sides of the barbs. This forms a miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. Pennaceous feathers on the wing, and elsewhere that stresses related to f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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